Electronic media Of Pakistan

1. What is electronic media? Electronic Media are those communication mediums which are based on electronic or electromechanical elbow room of production and most often distinguished from print media. The primordial electronic media reference books familiar to the habitual general world wide include radio, sound recordings, television, video recording and streaming internet content . It denotes, the primary(prenominal) lay outor of communicating with large number of concourse, especially television, radio, internet and satellite. The electronic media have four sancti angiotensin converting enzymed functions to inform, entertain, educate and invite the public opinion.The 20th century gutter be termed as the century of communication. The main mean of mass communication grew in succession as the century unfolded. Motion pictures arrived on crack in the first decade of this century. Regular radio broadcasts started in 1920s. Television entered the arena in 1940s, fol pocket -sizeed by cable television in 1950s, and satellite television in 1970s. Lastly the personal computer gave retrieve to Internet in 1980s. It transformed the interconnected computer networks through World Wide Web by the 1990s. . 2 Influence of electronic mediaIn the last 50 years the media influence has grown significantly with the betterment of applied science, first on that point was the telegraph, then the radio, the intelligencepaper, magazines, television and now the internet. We live in a connection that depends on selective information and communication to keep moving in the right counsel and do our daily activities kindred work, entertainment, health care, education, personal relationships, travelling and anything else that we have to do. What we need to be aware is that most of our decisions, beliefs and values are based on what we know for a fact, our assumptions and our own experience.In our work we usually know what we have to do base on our experience and studi es, however on our daily lives we rely on the media to get the period news and facts about what is important and what we should be aware of. We have put our reliance on the media as an authority to give us news, entertainment and education. However, the influence of mass media on our kids, teenagers and hunting lodge is so large(p) that we should know how it really works. . The electronic media has touched every(prenominal) sphere of the valet de chambre aspect. In the present propagation, information and technology are interwoven with the societys economic progress.The evolution of electronic media has had an overwhelming seismic disturbance on the society. The Opportunities of communication have broken all barriers across discipline boundaries and have led to the germi tribe of new ideas through the cross pollination of cultures. Electronic information has had a positive impact in the promotion of various social regimes. . 1. 3 Functions of electronic media. The prima ry functions of electronic media are to inform, educate, influence and entertain. This room of communication has maximum size of audience, its reach, coverage and effectiveness of its impact is increasing.Following is a brief description of slightly of the functions of the electronic media- To Provide Information. The provision of reliable verifiable adequate and complete information is one of the primary functions of the electronic media, objectivity is expected in arranging information for the macrocosm. To Provide Education . The electronic media can become a provideful and economical puppet for education and has a great dominance if utilise imaginatively and with vision. The media can also be used to raise awareness and educate the masses to chastise various social problems and development of civic sense. .To Influence Public Opinion. The revolution in information technology and potential of media to influence and analyze various matter and international issues, suggest various options, weigh the silk hat option to arrive at the correct solutions to guide their audience. To Entertain. The electronic media can cater for a wide cathode-ray oscilloscope of entertainments for tastes and requirements of almost all the segments of the society. 1. 4 Growth of electronic media in Pakistan The electronic media in Pakistan has make rapid progress. Only three or four decades ago, radio and state owned TV was considered to be the main sources of information.Today, we have more(prenominal) than 77 broadcast TV Channels, 2346 cable operators, 28 landing TV Channels from abroad like BBC, CNN, Sky, Star etc. and more than 129 FM Stations(on air and in near cases licences issued) including 46 wireless Channels. The investment this year is expected US$ 1. 5 billion. Total investment in this sector is US$ 2. 5 billion. The new jobs likely to be created are 150000. The indirect employment is 7 million. The advertisement market in 2008 was US$ 431 Million and in 2009 it was estimated as US$ 691 million.This growth has do available more knowledge and up to date information in all spheres of life to the general public. TV started its test transmissions in 1964. Pakistan Television Corporation was incorporated as a joint comport company in 1967 and in 1984 it was converted into a corporation under(a) the Companies ordinance. PTV has been a great source of entertainment. TV has also effectively disseminated information on a variety of hoagiejects to its viewers. However, the objectives set out for PTV at the time of its inception were- Instruction and enlightenment. Enrichment of knowledge and information. Wholesome entertainment. Promotion of national outlook and integration. Presentation of news in a fair, objective, factual manner free from deception by implication and omission. 1. 5 Types of electronic media Radio. In Pakistan like other developing countries, radio is the major source of information and entertainment out-of-pocke t to its reach to the far flung areas and being relatively economical. Broadcasts carry news, analyses, commentaries and advertisements. This medium, however, is losing attraction in the public. Television.TV due to its potentials to offer a greater variety than other elements of electronic media has become the strongest form of media to perform all four functions, i. e. information, education, influence and entertainment. Internet. Internet is the latest addition into the elements of medium of electronic communication. It is swiftly bringing a historic angle in the dynamics and profile of the orbicular information sector. The medium also provides instant access to the largest info bases and archives of information around the world. 1. 6 The media and the ground realitiesThe most critical obligation of electronic media is to act as the custodian of the facts. There are certain realities and electronic medias mindset and peculiarities, which to some issue are universal. The elect ronic media is a business, a billion dollar industry and thus its primary creator remains to earn money and not harmonize the society. Due to wicked competition in the subject field of electronic media industry, media has to be competitive to be Exclusive and First. The electronic media often looks for controversy, sensationalism and nix news to make headlines.In some cases the electronic media feels that it has the right to interpret what is good or bad for society using its own standards. The electronic Media was primarily and popularly used by our previous regimes as tool of self propaganda, the quality of news wretched, unreliable and un-imaginative presentation of events and stories, ultimately losing the confidence of general public. Introduction of Satellite TV, Cable and Private Channels and Dish widened the scope of awareness of flock. The Government of Pakistan realized the sensitivity and potential of private electronic media which could not be avoided through State controlled TV only.The regimeal policies regarding electronic media took a different direction, to regulate this sector. 1. 7 Pakistan electronic media regulatory authority The objective of PEMRA was to regulate the electronic media i. e. Radio and TV. This was necessitated by the decision to allow a large number of private TV and radio channels. The Ordinance also gives a Code of Conduct for media broad orderrs/ cable TV operators. This Regulatory Body was established under the PEMRA Ordinance 2002, having the following goals in mind i) Improve the standards of information, education and entertainment.ii) Enlarge the choice available to the people of Pakistan in the media for news, current affairs, spectral knowledge, art, culture, science, technology, economic development, social sector concerns, music, sports, drama and other subjects of public and national interest. iii) Facilitate the devolution of responsibility and power to the grass roots by improving the access of the pe ople to mass media at the local and association level. iv) Ensure responsibility, transparency and good governance by optimisation of the free flow of information. . ChallengesIn a democratic democracy like Pakistan where freedom of speech and submition is guaranteed to every citizen by the genius. This fundamental right has to be exercised by all with due care to go over that it whitethorn not incite violence, terrorism, racial, ethnic or unearthly discrimination, sectarianism, extremism, militancy, hatred, pornography, obscenity, vulgarity or anything offensive to the commonly sure standards of decency. Similarly, the sanctity of national institutions needs to be keeped at all costs. In this regard, PEMRA has formulated a Code of Conduct for the broad graders.However, the concept of Self-Regulation is promoted to encourage the broadcasters to formulate the rules of the game, themselves. . SECTION-2 FAULT LINES IN NATIONAL COHESION AND integrating 2. 1 What is subject a rea Integration? The concept of National Integration is subject to a wide range of interpretations. However, two definitions which catch the essential spirit of the concept include, The creation of a National Political brass which supersedes or incorporates all the regional sub-cultures , and the creation of a Common national consciousness, a common national consensus and a common national identity .These two definitions appear adequate for working purposes as they underline both the semi governmental as well as the socio-cultural ingredients of the process of integration. National cohesion refers to the bonds or gingiva that binds members of society, community or other groups together. The most obvious bonds are ideological, ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural and historic. However, the homogeneity of a nation is no guarantee of successfully bonding together as a cohesive hale. The extent of the flagellum posed to the integrity of a state by the multiplicity of languages, r aces, religions etc., depends on a variety of factors and there are basically two requisites (conflict of ideology and economic decline) which must be present ahead a country may be deemed to be faced with a problem of national disunity. The Pakistani society is in transition, and it faces challenges just now still the national interest is to make Pakistan as a unity-in-diversity and there is an ever-growing need to develop a harmonious society. The balance sheet of social changes in Pakistani society over the past half century has both cost and benefits.Pakistani society has split into class-cum-lifestyle segments. Its social institutions do not dovetail into each other instead fissures of institutional lag run through them. Its cohesion has given way to the fragmentation and the erosion of value and moral consensus. 2. 2 Fault Lines in National Cohesion and Integration in Pakistan Integration or cohesion is an ideal, it is not a thing but a process. It is dynamism ruled by an inner necessity, being guided in a direction chosen by itself as a goal or rather a series of goals wind to a certain direction .National integration and social cohesion is the capacity of a society to look into the welfare of its all members, minimize disparities and avoid polarization. A cohesive society is mutually supportive community of free individuals, pursuing these common goals by democratic means. National integration and social cohesion is at risk in Pakistan because of many impeding factors, which originate within the country or influenced by immaterial reasons. It may also be a complex outcome of interaction betwixt the country forces and stresses and influences of global scenario.The socio-political factors and socio-economic factors as listed below have contributed to cause fault lines in national cohesion and integration. 2. 3 Socio-Political Factors bigotry and near absence of civic responsibility, now manifested in our society is indeed the outcome of a grad able structure and social barriers, further and enforced by policy approaches in the 80s. Politicizing of religion and language is one major source of fractionalization. Presently, the culture and society of Pakistan are in the grip of an unprecedented upheaval.In the post 9/11 world, the political, religious, and the social dynamics in Pakistan have been under major internal transformation and intense international scrutiny. Ethnic and sectarian violence which ravaged the country for the last two decades has sharply polarized the society. respective(a) Islamic religious groups jostle violently for power. Religious trustfulness, usually a matter of personal redemption, is flagrantly flaunted and a stunning lack of tolerance for difference increasingly defines Pakistani society. Constitutional Crisis.The non-agreement and lack of consensus on various revisions and amendments in 1973 constitution remained a contentious issue among the federating units since long. The delayed proces s of reconciliation and agreement, on this only document to govern the state is a serious threat to national cohesion and integration. Provincialism. Imbedded strides of sub national identities engraved into the fabric of the provinces pose an existential threat to national cohesion. This issue is even more pronounced in case of smaller provinces like Khyber Pukhtunwa and Balochistan.Identity crisis prevailing with in the provinces is tarnishing the very physiology of democracy in essence and in dispensation at National level. There are contradictions between national and provincial interests, specially in matte relating to language, ethnicity, identity, and power. There are small Political groups and movements agitating for their rights, including Baloch issue. Nevertheless, such provincial or regional sentiments swirl within the national cultural pool. Sectarian Intolerance. The division of society on the terra firma of sects, tribes, colour and creed gives rise to intolerance t owards other sects.The violence on sectarianism basis is on the rise. The religious intolerance and extremism, and over emphasis on religious identities due to that Pakistani society is go about continuous challenge of terrorism in the name of religion and belief. Political Process and Direction. The directionless political schema rarely delivers to the satisfaction of voters. Various derivations of political process have no regard for national objectives and national interests and efforts for achievement of these goals for the country are hardly visible. The political system as a whole is driven by conflicting vested interests.The political parties lack democratic norms in their rank and file. Leadership flair and Direction. The political lead as a whole has failed to satisfy the masses. The trust deficit between the leadership and the people has widened, and is increasing with the passage of time. The social and political positions of so-called ruling elites are just a symbol of false pride without much(prenominal) regard for vision and umpire. Non-State Actors. Unorganized political parties have increase the influence of non-state actors in national politics, thereby vested interests are perpetuated, at the cost of national interests.Challenges to the Writ of the Government. The offspring of this divide is the challenge to the writ of the State in FATA and Malakand Division where state infrastructure of governance has been uprooted, the power elite has been eliminated (either by murder or forced migration) new and parallel structures have been created and the application of Constitution is challenged. The so-called Islamic fundamentalists have always been influential in the largely poor, illiterate, and rural Pakistan society.These groups represent a variety of power centres based on an array of belief systems from within Islam. Historically, none of these groups have had much success at the ballot box, but with a strong core of true believers with b lind faith and unflinching allegiance, they have often been able to display enough Street power to disrupt civilian life. Since the war of independence in neighbouring Afghanistan in the 1980s, these religious groups have been encouraged and aided by the government of Pakistan and the US State Department.As a result they have flourished and proliferated under the exhilarating notion of jihad. The border between Afghanistan and Pakistan has been porous for centuries because of the unusual terrain that facilitates traffic and a common tribal ethos that informs the lives of the bordering populace. With the rapid and fearsome Talibanization of Afghanistan and the Mullahisation of Pakistan, the borders for all possible and ideological purposes dissolved, and these processes played a vital role in the fluctuating social ethos of Pakistan. War against Terrorism. The country is facing various challenges. The multiple threats and constant pressures are very serious since post 9/11 due to P akistans commitment with West for fight against terrorism. This involvement is viewed as being done to apply the West. The suicidal attacks and drone attacks are the result of this involvement. Feudalism / Tribalism. In Pakistan the feudal and tribal society where rights of human being are violated is a matter of concern, people are not free to express their desire to govern.In such circumstances the leadership style is power centred and feudal in character, this leadership enjoys respect because of fear, and not because of trust. National and regional culture has, at various times, interwoven and competed with each other. In times when centralization is the ideological thrust, national themes and institutions are in the ascendancy, but when the pendulum swings toward decentralization, regional and ethnic societies and cultures reassert their autonomy.The political ideologies and movements that shift the balance between national and regional social and cultural systems are the mark ers of Pakistans social change. Role of Madrassa. There is little control of government over madrassas in the country, these madras do pose a threat to the cohesion of the society in Pakistan, if not regulated adequately. . 2. 4. Socio Economic Factors Socio Economic disparities. The poverty and flash has caused disparities in the society. The people living below the poverty line have increased in number.The unemployment and low income has caused economic imbalance in the society. The division of society and decline in socio-economic standards have adversely wedge the quality of life. Bad Governance. Undemocratic & non-participatory governance. . .The perception of governance leading to good governance is flouted concepts of transparency and accountability are misleading in Pakistani experience. The accountability is selective and by choice, its aim is not to square away the society of negative practices, but to benefit the fittest and powerful.The people have no faith in the system of governance and accountability. Violation of Human Rights. The human rights violation is on the increase, the weaker segments of the population even do not get the rights given in the constitution and the irony remains ignorance on their part of basic rights bestowed by the constitution. The perception of women as having a lower status at all levels is the principle barrier in the way of gender equality and is reinforced by customary practises and the justices of the land.Women education, health, labour force participation, mobility, decision reservation etc, all reflect the unique situation of women in Pakistan. Personal Security Perception. The constant engagement of population in this war against terrorism has changed its perception of personal security. The people have doubts about the success of governmental policies. Loyalty towards State /individualistic behaviour. The notion of loyalty towards state is blurred, peoples expectation of justice and fair play are sha ttered, and therefore, their loyalty towards State is also undermined.The individualism has replaced collectivism the bigger social group is vanished. The conflicts of values, beliefs, and other sociological imbalances has damaged the national fabric and has caused segmentation on the basis of caste and class Justice and Rule of law. The justice is uncertain the rules of game are settled by contumely of power. The respect for justice is linked with status and position of the seeker. The attitude towards Rule of Law is very negative, law breaking is considered as a pride for the powerful.Due to delayed justice people have lost entrust in the system to get justice. Violence against Women and minorities Many Analysts are in agreement that womens poor status as well as poverty is rooted in social and cultural governance of society. The rights of the women are abused, and such abuse is referred to the culture and customs and here- say, this victimization is devoid of any ideological, religious and legal and Constitutional basis. The religious minorities are threatened and do face violence at their religious places, thereby show concern of threat and personal security.Empowering women is a challenge, requires changes in the existing class and caste based structure and it needs a focused and active public delivery system to ensure that resources and opportunities earmarked for women reach them Mistrust in Criminal Justice System. The people do not have trust in criminal justice system, and lack of trust generates uncertainty and confusion in the society. In Pakistani society, the judiciary plays a pivotal role in articulating and enforcing rules of conduct for its citizens. The judiciary derives its legitimacy and power from the constitution.