French Lieutenant’s Woman Essay and Techniques Postmodernism

Examine how FLW represents a postmodern way of thinking. Postmodernism encompasses a reinterpretation of classical ideas, forms and practices and reflects and rejects the ideologies of previous movements in the arts. The postmodern movement has made way for new ways of thinking and a new theoretical base when criticising art, literature, sexuality and history. John Fowles’ 1969 historical bricolage, The French Lieutenant’s Woman, utilises the ideas of postmodern theorists such as Foucault, Barthes and Sartre amongst others to form a postmodern double-coded discourse which examines values inherent in the Victorian era from a twentieth century context. The novel’s use of intertextuality, metafiction and its irreverent attitude can be seen as a postmodern parody of Victorian fiction and the historical novel. For the purpose of examining the values and ideologies of the Victorian era in comparison to the postmodern paradigm, Victorian conventions are shown juxtaposed with postmodern techniques such as the authorial intrusion and alternative endings. Sarah Woodruff is different from other characters in The French Lieutenant’s Woman because she is epistemologically unique and because the narrator does not have access to her inner thoughts: in chapter 13 the author directly addresses the reader and states that he gives his characters the free will to determine their outcome in his novel. In a typical Victorian context, the protagonist’s inner conflict and motives would be exposed to the reader. Fowles denies his right as the author to impose definition of characters and in this way recognises â€Å"the age of Alain-Robbe Grillet and Roland Barthes† in bringing about the â€Å"death of the author† and the birth of the â€Å"reader†. The reader must interpret the text in ways (s)he views it and is forced to actively engage in the text. Fowles also introduces the author as a god-like figure (who turns back time) to craft multiple endings. He (the author) allows Sarah to act in an existentialist way to determine her outcome in the novel. It allows her to exercise her individuality, making her stand as a lone feminist figure amongst the tides of Victorian conventionality. The novel rewrites Victorian sexuality and in this way is an example of the way the sexual revolution of the 1960s is described in the historical novel of its time. Foucault described the Victorian period as the â€Å"golden age of repression† and he revises the notion that the Victorian era was silent on sexual matters in his works. Both Foucault and The French Lieutenant’s Woman claim that the forms of power and resistance are historically conditioned. For example, Sarah’s body is still institutionalised at the end of the novel since she appears only as a minor character in Rosetti’s house. The fact that Sarah is an anachronistic creation points to the idea that the novel is not about the Victorian era but a critique of relative values in their context. The metafictional structure of the novel successfully elucidates that Sarah seems to be subordinated in the patriarchal power of the contemporary narrator- it also endeavours to show that even the most emancipated groups during the Victorian period could not carry the liberation of women completely. This is a reflexion of what Fowles deems backward in the context of his society, and is apparent in Sarah’s repressed sexuality; and the blatant disparity regarding notions of female sexuality: Ernestina is always confined within the strict boundaries of patriarchal, societal convention- this is shown by the way she represses her sexual desire for Charles, being content with the most â€Å"chaste of kisses†. In this way the novel represents the truth as a form of pleasure in a Foucauldian sense. The institutionalisation of prostitutes, a somewhat clandestine pastime for Victorian gentlemen, is a situation that reflects the obvious hypocrisy of Victorian society when compared to Sarah’s situation. She (Sarah) is labelled a â€Å"fallen women† (hence her nickname â€Å"Tragedy†) and is ostracised because of her free-will and â€Å"feminine misconduct†. Charles finds her forwardness rather intimidating as it goes against his beliefs that the stratification of society is a vital element of social stability. This enforces Charles’ Darwinian beliefs about the social hierarchy (in reference to Social Darwinism). Darwinian evolution finds its expression by creating a new way of thinking. Fowles’ novel represents the great crisis of Darwinian Victorian England and traces its impact on society. Charles questions his religion in the Church, admitting he is agnostic, and the narrator himself labels Charles as having agnostic qualities. At the end of the novel Charles has become a â€Å"modern man† and Sarah the â€Å"hopeful monster† who feels alienated in Victorian culture without being able to conceptualise Charles’ intuitive understanding of her otherness and modernity. Darwinian evolution and nineteenth century psychology are portrayed in The French Lieutenant’s Woman as providing a corrective culture dominated by narrow minded Evangelicalism. Examples can be observed in Mrs Poulteney’s fickle attempts at being charitable, her dismissive attitude towards her duty to the church which is merely a habitual pastime for her, and her decision to dismiss Sarah. Then novel’s intertextuality is made up of its bricolage of history and fiction. Victorian epigraphs (and the irony used in them) serve to reconstruct the cultural milieu of the age using representations of facets of its literary world through the poetry of Hardy, Tennyson, Arnold and Clough. It provides a context within which the characters try to construct their subjectivities where they can emancipate themselves from the novel’s dominant ideology (this is an example of how Freud’s ideas about literature’s subjectivity are utilised). Also, the footnotes reinforce the author’s presence and allude to the fact that the author is omnipresent (in the novel). The alternative endings represent two types of Victorian endings and the last, a more postmodern, existentialist one. Fowles’ plays with different endings to epitomise the early postmodernist problem of artistic form and representation and this technique agrees with Umberto Eco’s idea that literature has openness and can be interpreted in many ways. The postmodern style is successful in creating a tension between these endings within a single text. The last alternative ending in chapter 61 can be construed as the existentialist one. The existentialist theme dramatises the struggles of individuals to define themselves and to make moral decisions about the conduct of their lives in worlds which deny them of freedom. Both Charles and Sarah are searching for themselves, trying to find their own existences by rebelling against the norms of tradition: Charles by embracing Darwinism nd declaring himself agnostic (in line with the Nietzschean existentialist ideology); and Sarah by redefining herself (such as labelling herself â€Å"Mrs†) and avoiding the hypocrisy of Victorians towards sexuality and human relations. Like Charles and Sarah, the reader is free of manipulation (by the author) and we can manoeuvre our position in the narrative to create our own â€Å"meaning†. The use of the existentialist theme in The French Lieutenant’s Woman makes the reader aware of Sartrean-style thinking which was not in existence in Victorian times but was conceptualised in Fowles’ era. It is successful in allowing the reader to criticise and contrast the differing ideologies present at the respective times and, by highlighting the shift in values, Fowles effectively expounds a new way of thinking. Fowles successfully blends the Victorian novel with postmodern ideologies and twentieth century sensibility by applying paradigms which lead to the reader being allowed to question previously held values, in particular relative values which change according to context, such as sexuality and religion. Through his pastiche of traditional Victorian romance, and historical narrative Fowles deconstructs his novel and makes the reader aware of contextual codes and conventions through ironic, metafictional comments: â€Å"Perhaps it is only a game†¦. Perhaps you suppose the novelist has only to pull the right strings and his puppets will behave in a lifelike manner† -The French Lieutenant’s Woman Chapter 13 *

If Othello had been set in a modern era, how would it differ Essay

The play Othello is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare in around 1603. The story has four central characters: Othello, Desdemona, Iago and Cassio. Othello or â€Å"the moor† is a black general, admired for his superb leadership skills. He falls in love with Desdemona, and against Brabantio’s will they elope before embarking on a campaign against the Turks. However, in Cyprus, a storm destroys the Turkish fleet and the real battle turns out to be the one of Iago against Othello. Iago’s hatred for Othello is mainly caused by his anger at missing out on a promotion added to his racism. This leads to his revenge on the protagonist. In this assessment, I am going to analyse how the play would have differed if it had been set in a modern era. The play opens with a heated discussion between Iago and Roderigo. Iago complains about Othello’s decision to promote Cassio as lieutenant. He confesses that he only remains in service of the general in order to succeed in his evil plan: â€Å" I follow him to serve my turn upon him† act 1 sc 1 l. 42. Othello is described as â€Å"the moor†. This epithet often substitutes his actual name â€Å"Othello†. Moreover, Roderigo describes Othello’s with terms such as: â€Å"thick lips†, â€Å"old black ram† and â€Å"devil† Act 1.sc 1. An Elizabethan audience would not have frowned upon the use of these terms, not finding them disturbing, offensive as it would be in our politically correct, multicultural and mobile society where distances between cultures and races have been significantly reduced. It also important to point out that there were few blacks in London during that period; there is evidence to prove this as the rise of black settlements in London occurred only during the 17th- 18th Century. Christianity further exacerbated these racial ideas as it linked the colour white to goodness and the colour black to the devil and sin. Shakespeare shows that he was open and a brave writer who was willing to stand apart from his society, choosing to make a black individual his protagonist. This choice makes him the tragic hero who the audience is encouraged to sympathize with. The second difference that rises between an Elizabethan Othello and a hypothetical modern Othello is the power men have over women. This can be seen immediately in Act 1 Scene 3 with regards to Brabantio and Desdemona. Othello’s true love for Desdemona is not accepted by Desdemona’s father, who accuses him of having used witchcraft to control Desdemona’s feelings. â€Å"She is abused, stol’n from me, and corrupted By spells [†¦] For nature so preposterously to err, Being not deficient, blind, or lame of sense Sans witchcraft could not† Act 1 Scene 3 lines 59 -64 Not only does Brabantio believes that Desdemona belongs to him as if she was of his property, her elopement disturbs him even more knowing that Othello is black. Brabantio cannot fathom how the beautiful and gentle Desdemona is attracted to the black Othello. The only way he can justify this relationship is by accusing Othello of having practiced spells against her. These accusations can be seen as typical of that time- average Londoners, such as those who attended and enjoyed Shakespeare’s plays, had very little knowledge about science and relied on popular ‘wisdom’ and religious doctrines to support their beliefs. A modern audience with a more global outlook would not hold – or be loath to admit to- even though racism has not been eradicated. In modern times the power Brabantio has over choosing his daughter’s husband would also not be accepted. Today in most western countries, it is considered a right for women to choose their own partner. The fac t that Desdemona and Othello elope and show a romantic and poetic union: â€Å"Desdemona: That I did love the Moor to live †¦ with him, My downright violence and storm of fortunes May trumpet to the world: my heart’s subdued Even to the very quality of my lord: I saw Othello’s visage in his mind, And to his honour and his valiant parts Did I my soul and fortunes consecrate.† act1 sc3 line 245 demonstrates Shakespeare’s modern thinking and the independency from accepted views and beliefs of the time. The third important factor that would distinguish from an Elizabethan Othello from a modern Othello regards the character of Emilia. Emilia is Iago’s wife and Desdemona’s close friend. Iago uses this friendship to get access to Dedemona, in particular, asking her to steal Desdemona’s handkerchief (a gift from Othello to Desdemona). Emilia does this to â€Å" please his fantasy † even though she admits â€Å"What he will do with it,/ Heaven knows, / not I† Act 3 scene 3 line 290. and the consequences of her actions lead to tragic developments, which have vital importance in the play. From this quote we can see Iago’s hold over Emilia and how she honours her duty as a wife- something that would puzzle us even though there are also women nowadays who are at the mercy of their husbands and do not leave destructive relationships. However, as the play unfolds, particularly in the last two acts we increasingly note that Emilia is an ambiguous character: she is Iago’s victim but also has a strong opinion about men and women that is now reflected in modern society. â€Å"Emilia: But I do think it is their husbands’ faults If wives do fall: say that they slack their duties, And pour our treasures into foreign laps, Or else break out in peevish jealousies, Throwing restraint upon us; or say they strike us, Or scant our former having in despite; Why, we have galls, and though we have some grace, Yet have we some revenge. Act 4 sc 3 line 16† This would probably be a feeling shared by Elizabethans but in reverse- they would identify Emilia as a faithful wife initially but would probably be confused and maybe even shocked by her words to Desdemona and equality between men and women when it comes to desire. In conclusion, we can say that elements of the plot would have undergone marked changes if Othello had been written in modern, politically correct times. Brabantio wouldn’t be making such a drama out of the fact that his daughter has married a black man; Emilia wouldn’t be stealing at the command of her husband and racist terms would not have been used by noblemen and colleagues. If the play had been set in modern times, it wouldn’t be the same play and perhaps it wouldn’t be as exciting and powerful either. Despite the fact that the play was written hundreds of years ago and we think that things have changed, racism and sexism haven’t ended and Shakespeare’s play makes us think.

Chemistry Review Chapters 1 2

Therefore the rings of electrons underneath the valence atoms shield the valence electrons from the nucleus so that the atom isn’t pulled in as tight as the one before it. o Trends for atomic size: As you go down a periodic table, atoms get smaller Because the protons increase as you go down a period, the positive charge on tighter to the nucleus rather looser. o Trends for ionization energy: Ionization energy tends to go down a group o As you go down a period the attraction between the nucleus and the electrons in the outer energy level decreases. o Ionization energy tends to increase across a period. o As you go across a period the attraction between the nucleus and the electrons in the outer energy level increases. Therefore, more energy is needed to pull an electron away from its atom. Lewis structure: a symbolic representation of the arrangement of the valence electrons of an element  · Octet: an arrangement of eight electrons in the valence shell of an atom  · Ioniza tion energy: the energy that is needed to remove an electron from a neutral atom  · Atomic mass unit (u): a unit of mass that is 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12  · Radioisotope: an unstable isotope of an element, which undergoes radioactive decay  · Mass number: The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of one of its atoms. Each proton or neutron is counted as one unit of the mass number. Energy level: fixed, three-dimensional volume in which electrons travel around the nucleus.  · Valence electron: an electron that occupies the outermost energy level of an atom.  · Stable octet: an arrangement of eight electrons in the valence shell of an atom.  · Electron affinity: the change in energy that accompanies the addition of an electron to an atom in the gaseous state.  · Cation: a positively charged atom.  · Anion: a negatively charged atom. Theories: Law of Conservation of mass: During a chemical reaction, the total mass of the substances involved does not change. Law of Definite Proportions: Elements always combine to form compounds in fixed proportions by mass. (Eg. Water always contains the elements hydrogen and oxygen combined in the following proportions: 11% hydrogen, 89% oxygen) Lesson 3 Ionic and Covalent compounds  · Chemical Bonds: the forces that attract to each other in compounds. o BONDING INVOLVES THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE VALENCE ELECTRONS OF ATOMS WHICH USUALLY CREATES A MORE STABLE BOND THAT AN ELEMENT ON ITS OWN.  · Ionic compound: between a non-metal and a metal where the metal loses an electron and the non-metal gains it Characteristics of an ionic bond consist of:  § Normally happens between a metal and a non-metal  · Metals tend to lose electrons, non-metals tend to gain them.  § Very high melting point  § Easily dissolved in water  § Good conductor of electricity, in water or on its own.  · Covalent compound: a bond between two non-metals (or a metal and a non-metal when the metal has a high electron af finity), where atoms share electrons o Characteristics of a covalent bond consist of:  § Low melting point  § When contained under high pressures or temperatures, becomes liquid  § Weak conductor of electricity Somewhat soluble o Polar covalent compound: a bond where the electronegativity is not great enough to completely bond to the other atom. Although, it does move closer to an atom, it never completely bonds. (between 0. 5 and 1. 7) This therefore means that when the electrons are partially exchanged, rather than having a + or – sign, they receive a ? + or ? – symbol  · Electronegativity: the measure of an atoms ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond. (EN) the opposite of atomic size which therefore means that as the atomic size increase, the electronegativity decreases If the electronegativity difference is 0. 00-1. 6 the bond is covalent. o If the electronegativity difference is over 1. 7 and up the bond is ionic.  · Octet rule: atoms bond in o rder to achieve an electron configuration that is the same as the electron configuration a noble gas. (8 valence electrons)  · Isoelectric: when two atoms or ions have the same electron configuration. (e. g. Cl and Ar)  · Molecular compounds: See covalent bonds  · Intramolecular forces: the forces that bond covalent bonds together  · Intermolecular forces: the forces that bond ionic bonds together Metallic bonding: in order to combine two metals both metals lose their valence electrons and combine them in a free flowing â€Å"sea† of electrons so that the electrons are shared equally by all atoms that join the bond.  · Alloy: a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals.  · Lone pairs: electron pairs that are not involved in bonding  · Bonding pairs: electron pair that are involved with bonding.  · Polar molecule: a molecule with a partial negative charge on one end and a partial positive charge on the other end.  · Non-polar molecule: a molecule that has nei ther a positive nor negative end.

The Classical Detective Formula Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Classical Detective Formula - Essay Example A classical detective formula starts with a situation, consisting of unsolved crime, and heads towards the discovery of the mystery of the identity and the motivating factors behind the criminal engaging in such acts. The situation also involve determining the means through which the crime was committed, the purpose for which the crime was committed and the real evidence that is available to associate the criminals with the act (Knight, 1980). The other important element is the pattern of action, which creates the story of detective investigation of the crime and the solutions, followed by the characters and their relationships as the other element of this detective story. Under the character and their relationships, the main characters include the criminal who perpetrates the criminal acts, the victim, on whom the criminal act was committed, the detective who investigates the case and the third parties who are affected by the crime, but cannot address the crime on their own. The rel ationship among the four characters is an important element of the formula. The setting, the final element of the detective formula, relates to the delimited environment in which the criminal act is committed, which is secluded from the rest of the world. There are various reasons that accounts for the rise of the classical detective formula in the early twentieth century. Reasoning and logic are some of the factors that accounts for the rise of the classical detective formula in the early twentieth century. Most of the writers of this duration struggled to harmonize the traditional and custom way of thinking of the people, with the perceived incompatibility of modernity and enchantment (Saler, 2003). Modernity was associated with chaos and disorder, thus the detective formula sought to create a new way of thinking, by portraying modernity as an aspect that could be embraced and harmonized with traditional perspectives. The traditional thinking and reasoning leaned towards man tryin g to understand and explain the nature of the universe as it is, seeking to create theories based on reality and experimental testing to prove such reasoning. On the other hand, the classical detective formula introduced a way of logical thinking that would serve to solve the perceived problems through fictious thinking, an aspect that gained fame due to the realism aligned with the fictional writing (Frank, 1976). The incorporation of analytic mind in a fictious writing served to make such works of art more acceptable to the people during such an age, when all the writing was about theories and laws that sought to explain why things in the universe are the way they are. The myth of reasoning, that the universe could be comprehensible resulted to the planning of detective story telling, by deducing the basics of fiction and limiting logic (Knight, 1980). Realism is another factor that accounts for the rise of the classical detective formula. The writers of the detective story served to associate their stories and the characters with aspects of reality and natural phenomena that were there at that age. This has seen the characters involved in such stories being regarded as real characters (Tillotson, 1969). The ability of the detective stories to integrate fiction with real happenings of the day served to popularize this genre. The classical detec

Reaction Time of Firefighters Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reaction Time of Firefighters - Research Paper Example Similarly, the reaction time of night shift is comparatively higher than that of 10-hours shift (table 3). Thus, the results demonstrate that the firefighters working in 24-hours shift with are more efficient to respond to any emergency call. Further this hypothesis was tested using the anova test in order to see if there was any equality of variance across the shifts in which the firefighters were performing their job. This test also confirmed the assumption previously discussed that the reaction time increased with 24-hours shift as compared to the day shift and night shift (table 4). Thus, the performance level improves with the increase of shift timing. It is imparative to describe that in order to eliminate any wrong conclusion, these tests were recorded separaely in the beginning of shift as well as at the end of the shift. The above table shows the response from the beginning of shift while table 5 shows the test recorded at the end of the shift. However the results are consistant as these indacte the same standard deviation and standard error statistics which prove that the with the increase of shift-timing, the response time increases. The above results show the tests recorded for word identificaiton in the beginning of shift as well as at the end of the shift. ... 4 99.2500 7.80491 3.90246 86.8306 111.6694 89.00 108.00 24 hour shift 4 90.7500 15.30523 7.65261 66.3960 115.1040 68.00 101.00 Total 12 97.2500 10.93888 3.15778 90.2998 104.2002 68.00 110.00 It is imparative to describe that in order to eliminate any wrong conclusion, these tests were recorded separaely in the beginning of shift as well as at the end of the shift. The above table shows the response from the beginning of shift while table 5 shows the test recorded at the end of the shift. However the results are consistant as these indacte the same standard deviation and standard error statistics which prove that the with the increase of shift-timing, the response time increases. Table 5 RT word identification end of shift N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound day shift 4 98.7500 6.55108 3.27554 88.3258 109.1742 93.00 107.00 night shift 4 98.7500 6.18466 3.09233 88.9088 108.5912 95.00 108.00 24 hour shift 4 76.7500 19.37997 9.68999 45.9121 107.5879 48.00 90.00 Total 12 91.4167 15.55318 4.48982 81.5346 101.2987 48.00 108.00 Color identification Test The above results show the tests recorded for word identificaiton in the beginning of shift as well as at the end of the shift. In orer to see how the firefighters would respond to the color test. In order to further illustrate the assumption, an other test was recorded in which the participants were required to answer to the color identification test. The result are consistant again as the it is confirmed from the table 6 that as the shift-timing increases the response time aslos increase. The same Table 6 Color Identification RT color identification beginning of shift N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence

Research Report on foreign language film Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Report on foreign language film - Research Paper Example The movie revolves around a young Polish boy whom Visconti uses to incarnate beauty. He is a 14-year-old boy named Tadzio, played by Swedish Bjà ¸rn Andresen. The boy’s mother is played by Silvana Mangano, a beautiful Italian actress. Tadzio, the longhaired blond boy is the focus of attention of Gustav Von Aschenbach (Dirk Bogarde). An obsession of the boys beauty by Aschenbach leads to the question on the nature of the admiration (Andre 34). The main question in the movie is whether it is ethically okay in the moral standards or not. There is the mystery behind the movie in its structure and style, its symbolism and politics owing much of these to the novel by Thomas Mann’s with the same title Death in Venice, which the movie is based on. The movie is largely silent, in performance, and the actor Bogarde delivered an enlargement of meaning. The romantic suffering of Von Aschenbach manifested by his passion for Tadzio, emotional suffering on the death of his daughter. Setting Von Aschenbach on a journey of creation of beauty and purity discovered in Tadzio. The cinematography by Pasquale De Santis is also depicted in the movie. Scenes are well framed; there are lots of camera spinning from left to right allowing the observation of secondary characters. Costumes are highly stylized, and convey a Victorian look and feel, (Can 18). Can continues by making analysis on the soundtrack, which he says are echoes of one of Mahler melodies; the Adagietto of the Fifth Symphony. According to Snowball, Visconti overdid many things in the movie, which is quite evident at the end with the death of Aschenbach. He feels the movie become very boring toward the end but only saved by lovely things on the periphery. According to Snowball, he movie represents a deadly pestilence threatening both physically and represents the corruption that compromises and threatens all ideals. James feels that the Death in Venice was

Environmental Scan Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Environmental Scan Paper - Essay Example This research centres on the environmental scan of the internal and external environments of two real-world organizations, their competitive edges and firm strategies for developing value and sustaining competitiveness. Scanning of the environment particularly the internal organizational environment mainly looks at culture of the firm, the relations between employees, management and the shareholders. Moreover, it will also focus on the organizational structure, access to natural resources and product awareness. On the other hand, scanning of the external organizational environment dwells on the industry analysis, national and macro-environment. Industry environmental analysis evaluates the level of competition of the company and that of its rivals. The national environment examines the effect of the national framework for enabling an organization accomplishes competitive edge on the international scale. The macro-environment reveals the social, legal, political, economic and political effects on the functioning of an organization. Apple Inc. is a global organization with deals with computer software, consumer electronics and communication servers (Kang, 2013). The primary apple products include iPad, iPod, iPhone, and Macintosh computer. The company was officially registered by its original founders in 1977 in California and has been operating since its incorporation. Apple employs environmental scan to evaluate its business. The firm has been effective in the technology industry in which it operates. The success of this company is mainly attributed to its revolutionary ideas and capability to bring ideas to reality, revealing a sound business strategy. Internal environment The internal environment of Apple is characterized by dynamism, creativity, and flexibility. The organization internal environment has been built such that it promotes its workforce to participate in branding of the company image (Kang, 2013). Apple appreciates its employees for

Chose one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chose one - Essay Example A child must get familiar with a language sample. Then subtle samples are used to detect whether a child can identify the segments as a part of the initial segment. Children try to develop an understanding of ambiguous instructions which in most cases are designed to have a grammatical choice. Infants detect statistical properties of co-occurrence. This means they segment a group of novel words in a gradual manner. The thesis of this essay is to give information on how children acquire language. As children advance in age, they start to detect the probability of syllables to predict each other. They start to detect word boundaries by considering syllable pairs. Infants as young as 8 months can perform these computations within a span of two minutes. Infants are able to soak up the meaningless events and to structure linguistics rapidly to make relevant meanings within units. During this stage, infants are said to develop the capability to detect musical tones that are used for word s egmentation. This includes the ability to track the structure of statistics within a sequence of absolute pitches. This helps in developing the tone structure. The next stage of acquiring language is establishing the distribution of elements and grammatical endings. They get introduced to the use of connectors. This helps in establishing the meaning of combinations in the process of utterance. This enables children to use the grammar meaningfully and to determine with actions of other people within each statement when there is need. Parsing process is used at this stage to ensure that children comprehend language by assembling strings. Rational conceptions and computed through assembling of language strings. The next stage in the process of linguistic development between birth and language maturity involves discovering the raw materials of gestures and sounds of the language being learnt. This entails learning how the sounds and gestures are assembled and try to map them onto usable meanings. This is said to happen simultaneously. The children start to integrate their learning capacity. They also start to crack the code communication codes. When the children are between 18 to 30 months old, they start to progress from first words. They become sensitive to grammar. This happens as the content of word vocabulary tends to increase at a faster rate. Some words start to be acquired depending on the frequency of their use. Children attach function to words in a gradual manner. This introduces children to the use of interrogative words like ‘who’. Parents are known to provide the initial information that leads to word production. Language development is tied to brain development. Children develop meanings from the familiar words. This involves neural arrays and patterns in the process of developing complex meanings in the human mind of a child. The brain of the children at the stage plays a central role in the process of ensuring words and meanings are i nterconnected. The neural grammar that exists is used to recognize the new words that are expected to build the language of a child. The late stage of acquiring language entails acquiring the structure of sentences. This stage is followed by comprehension. Children at their stage can respond to utterances and patterns of normal speech. This includes differentiating between meaningful and non meaningful sentences. This happens because children can understand sentence structures even before they can

Holden and Alexander's Frustration Research Paper

Holden and Alexander's Frustration - Research Paper Example This essay discusses the similarities in Holden and Alexander’s life situation. Theme and special connection between the characters Throughout the novel and children’s book, Holden and Alexander are struggling though their life and day, because growing up can be painful. â€Å"I could tell it was going to be a terrible, horrible, no good, very bad day† (Viorst 1) When Alexander wakes up in the morning, finds the gum he had slept with in the mouth stuck in the hair. As he gets out of the bed, he trips on the skateboard and accidentally drops his sweater in the sink with running water. When he gets to the breakfast table, Alexander feels bad that all he could find was breakfast cereals while Anthony found a Corvette Sting Ray car kit as Nick found a junior Undercover Agent code ring in their breakfast cereal boxes. Alexander continues to have a bad day as Mrs. Gibson lets Becky, Elliott and Audrey to sit at the window despite Alexander’s grievances of which no one paid attention to. At school, Mrs. Dickens likes Paul’s picture of the sailboat better than Alexander’s picture of the invisible castle. At singing time, Alexander was told that he sang too loud while at the counting time he was told he left out 16. This makes Alexander angry and asks â€Å"Who needs sixteen?† (Viorst 7). ... During lunchtime Philip, parker had two-cup cakes in his lunch bag and Albert had Hershely bar with almonds. Paul had a piece of jelly roll that had a little coconut sprinkles on top but did not have any After school her mother takes all of them to the dentist and Dr. Fields finds a cavity in Alex. He asks him to get back the following week. â€Å"Next week, I said am going to Australia† Similar happenings in The catcher in the rye Holden too has bad experience in school when he is kicked out of the pency prep school in Pennsylvania for failing his classes except English. His attempts in chatting Ackley for company end up distorted making him to decide to leave Pencey (Salinger 22). Holden gets to New York and is undecided on whom to call.   Here Holden is avoiding his parents so that they could not realize that he had been kicked out of school. In Edmond, in the hotel lounge, he dances with three "moron" girls. He is disappointed because the girl he found attractive among t he three was a minor and thus allowed to drink. The girls take off. when Holden gets back into a cad and goes to Ernie’s knowing that he will be able to drink there, he runs into an old and annoying acquaintance leaving her so that he can avoid spending time with her. In the end, he ends up with a prostitute sunny who leaves with his money but no sex. Sunny the prostitute returns with his pimp who beats Holden. Holden is having a very bad life and the craziness of the city life makes him want to run away and hide in a log cabin as he tells Sally. Sally is not willing to run away with Holden as he had wished (Salinger 74-98). Conclusion The two books have a different audience target. However, both books have the same message of how life can be stressful to children and to

Bill Of Life Essay Example for Free

Bill Of Life Essay What is your life worth? Imagine a future in which those who are pro-life and those who are pro-choice have fought a second civil war over the sanctity of life. They end the war by compromising on a â€Å"Bill of Life† that states all pregnancies must come to term; however, parents and guardians have the right when their child is between the ages of thirteen and eighteen to abort them. The child does not die though. Each and every part of the child is kept alive; thus they are technically still alive, just in separate pieces. This process is known as â€Å"unwinding.† Once the unwind order is signed, no changes can be made; even if the parent changes their mind, it is irreversible. Connor discovers his own unwinding order after investigating tickets he finds, tickets to the Bahamas for everyone in his family, except for him. Connor is a good teen, but like many teens, his emotions can get the better of him and his parents have a hard time controlling him. Risa is a ward of the state of Ohio and the orphanage is overcrowded. She tries to convince the headmaster of her worth, but bungles her chance when she makes five mistakes at her piano recital. Lev rejoices in his destiny at a party solely dedicated to celebrating him and his life. Lev’s family is extremely devoted to their religion; Lev, as the tenth child in his family, is destined to be a human tithe, a human sacrifice. Lev enjoys the attention this brings and is happy to fulfill his destiny. These three teenagers meet when Connor decides to go AWOL and escape his unwinding order. The book develops through their, and others, alternating viewpoints of what happens to a teenager once the order is signed. Connor, Risa, and Lev’s journey to their future follows their growing recognition of what their life means to them. Shusterman teases the reader with just enough information to keep going, but continues to build this disturbing view of the future as the storyline develops. Mysterious references to clappers and storked babies are explained more fully later in the book and these people round out the unsettling forces at work in this troubled society. This very thought-provoking book would not leave my mind for days, or truthfully weeks, after reading it. This book has made the rounds of the youth services division and one of my co-workers still gives me grief over the books weeks after reading it. Not for the faint-hearted, especially as the reader learns more about the unwinding process, this disturbing novel will pluck at your mind and have you wondering what your life is worth.

Ahold Has A Company Wide Business Model Marketing Essay

Ahold Has A Company Wide Business Model Marketing Essay Ahold has a company-wide business model, it works with profit. This model helps to drive the strategy. The model consist a virtuous circle that helps Ahold to work on lower cost to invest in price, value and the products and services they give. By means of this circle it helps to raise the sales, win new customers and new capital for the further grow of the business. That the circle has been a success is proven in 2003 there was a successful repositioned of all the business. To the repositioned Ahold increased the value and service that they provide the customers. From 2003 until 2008 Ahold was able to decrease the cost and made a reserve from à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 800 million across our businesses. 1. Structure Ahold operates from two continental platforms, Ahold Europa and Ahold USA, both of the continental are led by a Chief Operating Officer. The structure helps Ahold to balance local, continental and worldwide decision-making. Ahold Europa consists of Albert Heijn, Etos and Gall Gall in the Netherlands. Albert/Hypernova in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Each operating company in Europe, has a manager who repost all the necessarily things to the COO of Ahold Europe. Ahold USA is organized into four little retail companies: Giant-Carlisle, Giant-Landover, Stop Shop New England and Stop Shop Metro New York. Each company has his own divisional president who reports to the CEO of Ahold USA and this reports back to COO of Ahold USA. Ahold has also a 60 pro cent of interest in ICA AB (Swedish retail) and also 49% interest in Jerà ³nimo Martins Retail. org_structure_diagram 2. In Amsterdam are Aholds international headquarters based. Corporate Centre is responsible for the Group strategy and functions that support the business with contains the strategy office, interneal audit, legal, compliance, insurance, human resources, communications, corporate responsibility, mergers acquisitions and information management. Ahold has also a Corporate Centre located in The United States of America and Switzerland. Systems Corporate Executive Board managed Ahold, They get supervised and advised by a Supervisory Board. The diagram bellows shows the governance structure of Ahold and also its companies. These companies are answerable to the General Meeting of Shareholders. Ahold is structured to execute its strategy and to balance local, continental and global decision-making. Ahold consists of a Coporate Center and operated from two platforms, Ahold Europe and Ahold USA. Both platforms contains a few of companies. The Diagram bellows shows the governance structure of Ahold and its companies. 3. Shared Values All of the companies who belong to Ahold share the five common values who divine how they are, what is important to them and how they do things. These values are Putting the customers first Doing what is right Loving what we do Making ideas happened Getting better every dag Style If you work at the Albert Heijn you must work hygienic and also quality and safety are very important, not only for the employees but also for the customers. Knowledge about the products albert Heijn sales is also very important. If customers have questions then you muss advise them. You work together in a team, so the atmosphere must be good. A good atmosphere in the company is very important for the enthusiasm and productive of employees. The atmosphere at Albert Heijn is very good. They also organize activities to improve the working atmosphere. Staff In 2011 there worked 213.000 employees. Ahold comprise a diverse group of employees they are working in a lot of countries. Underneath all of the employees there are numerous of different nationalities. At Ahold it is very important that at each level of the organisations some diversity is valued, this is a part of a business culture. Diversity is a very important factor at each discipline of the company and it regarded as hole to our success. Our focus is that every employee had a honest change to improve their selves both personally and professionally. At Ahold they strive to have a diversity of employees. Ahold is going to work at mobility for all the employees and a good workface that is a reflection of the customers we serve. All employment decisions are with agreement of fare opportunities. They look at the competencies of the new employees and not at the race, colour, religion, sex, age, disability or national origin. At Ahold everyone has a change. Skills The skills and competencies of the people working in the stores are basic, almost everyone can work there. The managers who manage the stores are most of the time older and they have more experience. The employees who will work for Ahold need a lot more skills and competencies. Employee development is a key priority for Ahold. Ahold has a Leadership Academy in partnership with Harvard Business School and Oxford Universitys SaÃÆ' ¯d Business School and also a Retail Academy run in partnership with Cornell University. Five Forces Model of Porter Ahold is based in the Netherlands and is an international retailing group. They operate in a lot of formats and channels but there core business is selling great food and supermarkets. Ahold has 14 brands in Europe and the U.S. In this chapter you can find an analyze of how the company is positioned in the branch because Ahold has so many companys we just use for this analyze only Albert Heijn. http://notesdesk.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/porters-five-forces-model.jpg For this analyze we use the Five forces model of Porter which you can see in the figure opposite. With this model you can see an overview of the industry rivalry viewed from four different points of view. 4. Threat of new entrants In Europe the supermarkets do not have a lot of threats of new entrants. It is very hard for entrepreneurs to start a new supermarket because when they do start a new supermarket the other existing supermarkets lower the sales price of their products. The new supermarket is not able to lower their sale price because he has more production costs and initial costs than the already existing supermarkets. Bargaining power of customers Customers are a threat for the Albert Heijn. When the customers are pleased about the supermarket they will buy their products an come back every time they need to buy groceries but when Albert Heijn sells products that the customers do not like, they will go the another supermarket. For example: Albert Heijn sells the product COCA Cola. Albert Heijn wanted to save on the cost price of their products so they called COCA Cola. Albert Heijn demands a discount on the cost price of 2%. COCA Cola did not accept that so they stopped to deliver their product to Albert Heijn. After a few weeks the customers complained a lot and the did there grocery shopping in another supermarket where they did sell COCA Cola. Within a month the Albert Heijn did sell COCA Cola again and they were paying the original cost price. Threat of substitutes There are not a lot of threats of substitutes for Albert Heijn. One of the threats are the restaurants. When people eat at a restaurant they do not have to buy grocery for diner. However most of the people do not eat constantly in a restaurant and when they do, they have to buy grocery for the rest of the day. At the Albert Heijn you can buy almost every brand from expensive till the cheapest brands. Most of the brands are also sold in the other supermarkets in the country. So for the substitutes the consumers do not have to go to another supermarket. Bargaining power of suppliers The suppliers do have a lot of bargaining power when they are with a lot of different suppliers as a group. For example Albert Heijn in the Netherlands lower the purchase price to lower their costs. The suppliers did not agreed with this and take action against the Albert Heijn. The suppliers won so the Albert Heijn needs to pay the original price. One supplier has not a lot of bargaining power and he just basically has to do whatever the Albert Heijn wants. Acknowledgement Sources 7-S Framework https://www.ahold.com/#!/Our-strategy/Business-model.htm https://www.ahold.com/web/show?id=88494langid=42from=to=webid=26098searchid=88696keyword=core+value#!https://www.ahold.com/About-us/Our-vision-values.htm http://www.annualreport2009.ahold.com/group/our_strategy/organizational_structure.htm https://company.info/id/350003630000 http://werk.ah.nl/winkel/kwaliteitsmedewerker.jsp https://www.ahold.com/web/show?id=88494langid=42from=to=webid=26098searchid=88696keyword=core+value#!https://www.ahold.com/About-us/Our-vision-values.htm Image 1: https://www.ahold.com/#!/Our-strategy/Business-model.htm Image 2: http://www.annualreport2009.ahold.com/group/our_strategy/organizational_structure.htm Image 3: 2011yearreview.ahold.com/downloads/Ahold-Full-AR-2011.pdf Sources Five Forces Model of Porter https://www.ahold.com/web/show?id=88494langid=42from=to=webid=26098searchid=88696keyword=core+value#!https://www.ahold.com/About-us/Our-vision-values.htm Image 4: Porters Five Forces Model

The Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay example -- MLDA, Underag

We knocked on the door of the off-campus apartment, as it opened we were confronted with the heavy stench of alcohol. A young girl was passed out on the living room floor, a pile of empty beer cans filled the kitchen sink, and the deafening music rattled the window panes. A group of girls managed to stumble past us. They waved goodbye to the host, who was handing drinks to me and my sister. It was not my first time drinking. In fact, everyone there was quite experienced – after all, it’s college. Half of the guests were completely drunk, and I had no problem with it. That is, until later that night when my sister locked herself in a room with a guy she had met only a week before. This prompted me to seriously consider the effects of alcohol. Would my sister have been able to see the danger of the situation had she been sober? Would the absence of alcohol have prevented the events of that night from occurring? These questions, along with the vivid memory of that night, fueled my examination of the complex social problem of underage drinking. In the 1960s, the drinking age was set as 21, to match the voting age. However, around the time of the Vietnam War, the public began to argue that if an 18-year-old was old enough to fight and die for his country, then he should be able to vote as well. As a result, the voting age was lowered to 18. Between 1970 and 1976, 29 states lowered their legal drinking age as well. In the words of Carla Main, author of Bulldozed and various other published works concerning law and society, the results were â€Å"catastrophic,† as â€Å"[h]ighway deaths among teenagers and young adults skyrocketed† (Main 33). Many states began raising the legal drinking age up again. In 1984, under the supervision of Ronald ... ...hus, focus should be on better enforcing the law, rather than amending it. Works Cited DeJong, William. â€Å"Should the Drinking Age Be Lowered to 18? No.† American Teacher 93.3 (2008): 3. Wilson OmniFile Full Text Mega Edition. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. Main, Carla T. â€Å"Underage Drinking and the Drinking Age.† Policy Review. June/July 2009: 33-46. Wilson OmniFile Full Text Mega Edition. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. Martinez, Julia A., Miguel A. Munoz Garcia, and Kenneth J. Sher. â€Å"A New Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA)? Some Findings to Inform the Debate.† Addictive Behaviors 34.4 (2009): 407-10. Wilson OmniFile Full Text Mega Edition. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. Muhlenfeld, Elisabeth. â€Å"Seeking a Drinking Age Debate.† University Business 11.10 (2008): 53-4. Academic Search Premier. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. â€Å"The 21 Club.† Economist 392.8645 (2009): 26. Academic Search Premier. Web. 3 Mar. 2010.

Pagan Burial Rites in the Epic of Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essa

Pagan Burial Rites in the Epic of Beowulf Scores of essays are written about the Christian influence on the Beowulf poet. Most notable Beowulf scholars such as Kl‘ber, Robinson and Whitelock do not fail to address the matter. Given the complexity of the issue and the proliferation of evidence within the poem, we can understand the universal appeal of this topic. The poet transposes his Christian convictions onto a story which formed in a culture devoid of Christianity. In many instances, however, the poem's pagan basis shines through. Among these idiosyncracies it is important to note funeral rites and the pagan practices that surround them. When missionaries first introduced the Christian ideology to the Anglo-Saxons, they left the people with a clear choice; Pagan deities could not coexist with the Christian God. Therefore, they must abandon these ancient icons in order to hold a more monotheistic view. Unfortunately, most of their culture is built around upholding a heroic code instead of a single deity. Rather than completely forsake the standards that they had lived by for so many generations, they incorporated their old ideals into the new Christian dogma (Ogilvy, Baker 27). In a similar fashion, the poet's task was to apply this same transformation to a story deeply rooted pagan society. The Beowulf poet "was concerned to extol the virtues of ancient Germanic heroes while acknowledging regretfully that the were deprived of the Christian revelation enjoyed in [the poet's] own era" (Robinson 1). Many flaws originate from this change, however. According to Kl‘ber, "heathen practices are mentioned in several pla ces, such as the vowing of sacrifices at idol fanes, the observing of omens and the burning of the dead, whic... ...s in Beowulf do not hold the same sentiments about Christianity that the poet holds. If Beowulf truly possessed the Christian ideals that the poet often insinuates, he would not find it necessary to be cremated, nor have his tomb adorned with riches. These elements reveal to us the difficulty of infusing a Christian dogma into a heathen society. The Beowulf poet is successful with this task in some respects, but in the case of cremation he is somewhat remiss. Works Cited Barber, Paul T. Cremation. Journal of Indo-European Studies v.21 (1993) : 379-387 Klà ¦ber, Friedrich, ed. Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburgh. Third edition. Lexington: D.C. Heath and Company, 1950. Ogilvy, J.D.A. and Donald C. Baker. Reading Beowulf. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983 Whitelock, Dorothy. The Audience of Beowulf. New York: Oxford University Press, 1951

Ameican live today with drugs :: essays research papers

There are few problems as persistent in American life today as drugs. Despite the solutions put forth by our countries leaders by seizing ships and imposing hasher jail sentences. The government policies have failed to reduce drug abuse and crimes resulting form the use of drugs. The amount of money budgeted to combat the illegal drug problems in our society have increased greatly to the point where jails are filled or overflowing with drug related criminals. In 1988, the nations anti-drug crusade under President Ronald Reagan cost $4.8 billion a year; by 1995 the anti-drug budget had almost quadrupled, to $13.2 billion, under President Bill Clinton. The nations war on drugs has placed top priority on enforcement of criminal laws, followed by treatment, education, and interdictions of illegal drugs at our borders. However, it doesn’t seem to be enough. The war on drugs should be prosecuted more vigorously. One way to have a more vigorous approach on the war on drugs is to get the military involved in the war. The massive illicit drug traffickers can be slowed down or hopefully stopped by direct involvement of our arm forces. The General Accounting office reported that federal agencies seize only 16 percent of the marijuana and less than 10 percent of the heroin and cocaine that comes into the country each year. The customs service says it intercepts only one out of every 100 plans flying cocaine and heroin into the county, however there were 180,000 such fights in that same year. There is a strong need for involvement of the military so they can help tougher on strengthen the efforts to fight the war. Military involvement will help strengthen our borders. Also, to help attack the war on drugs more vigously is for the United States to increase economic assistance to help other countries to eliminate drugs form their country. The majority of drugs are produced outside the United States in countries , such as: Cuba, Brazil Panama and other poorly developed third world countries. Nearly 70 percent of the cocaine sold in America strictly comes form drug cartels in Columbia (pg 6). Drug traffickers generate billions of dollars a year and in under developed countries were the value of there dollar is worth pennies this is a great opportunity for them to be rich. In May 1996, when the police had arrested 156 people and had seized six tons of cocaine and 17 million in drug profits it didn’t really put a dent in the drug trade business.

Prevention of Stress

To help reduce stress and improve the quality of life, many organizations are becoming more involved in wellness programs. With increasing health care costs, many employers are concentrating on disease prevention and health promotion. By putting a wellness program in place, it leads to a healthier workforce which increases its productivity level, reduces employee absenteeism, creates less overtime, and it also cuts the cost of health benefits (Kizer, 1987). Another reason that many companies are developing a wellness program within the organization is the effect it has on the bottom line. By preventing stress, an organization has happy healthy employees which means t quality and quantity of work will be improved. For example † A middle manager may be a company's shining star, but if he is living in constant disharmony at home, or if his teenage daughter, whom he suspects is using street drugs, did not come home until 3 a. m. last Saturday night this promising manager is not going to be particularly efficient at even routine daily tasks. A worksite wellness program could help† (Kizer, 1987, p. 36). Another contributing factor to higher job related stress is less leisure and vacation time. Throughout the 1980s, the amount of paid time off for employees is act† shrinking. Many European workers are gaining vacation time, while Americans are losing it. † In the last decade, U. S. workers have gotten less paid time off – on the order of three and a half fewer days each year of vacation time, holidays, sick pay, and other paid absences. † (Schor, 1991 p. 32). Many companies faced an economic squeeze in the 1980†³s. Vacations and holidays were among the cost-cutting efforts. DuPont reduced its top vacation allotment time from seven four weeks. They also eliminated three of their paid holidays a year. With the new trend of downsizing, many employees are fearful of job loss and therefore, spend less time away from the workplace (Schor, 1991, p. 32). Individuals who experience high or frequent levels of stress need to learn to cope. High levels of stress can effect job performance and it can also be unhealthy. To maintain a healthy lifestyle, people need to attempt to take responsibility for stress. Those individuals need to learn more about stress in general and how it effects them. They also need to develop technique. for monitoring personal levels of stress and develop techniques to deal with job related stress. Employees should look within the organization on ways to alleviate stress and how to cope more effectively. Organizations an often unnecessarily stressful and should be changed to reduce the negative impact on individuals' physical and mental health (Paine, 1982, p. 21). Three major strategies for strengthening individuals are workshops, stress management skills, and focused short term counseling. Introductory workshops are essential to communicate and educate to be more mentally and physically healthy. Such workshops which specialize in topics as time management or relaxation techniques help to alleviate the stress in one's life (Paine, 1982, p. 22). Finding techniques that deal with personal stress can also be useful in dealing with job stress. Regular aerobic exercise to deep breathing techniques are potentially useful in stress management. Many specialist agree that there is not any one method to overcome the problem. One needs to realize their own self needs and strengths in dealing with stress management (Paine, 1982, p. 23). There are many different ways in which you can deal with job stress. Individuals can take on simple self-help countermeasures. There is also help from friends, colleagues, spouse, or other relatives. Professional help is available from clergymen, physicians, or counselors. The worksite offers several advantages for employees interested in making healthy lifestyle changes. The advantages include: Most employees go to a worksite on a regular schedule, thus providing opportunities for regular participation in wellness programs. Contact with co-workers can provide strong social support which is believed to be a primary force in sustaining lifestyle changes. Opportunities for strong, steady support of the program, as well as for promoting the concept that good health is good for everyone. Programs at the worksite may be less expensive to the employee than comparable programs in the community or may even be offered free as an employee benefit. Because of the varity of data systems available, it is possible to evaluate changes in an employee's health status or other measures resulting from the program. The most attractive feature from an employee†s viewpoint is the fact that the program is convenient. From the employers viewpoint the benefits of worksite health promotion for stress include: Improved employee relations Improved retention Improved community relations. Reduced absenteeism Reduced number of hours lost to late arrivals and sick davs. Since there's no getting around life†s problems, the best way to manage stress is to learn better coping skills. First pinpoint the reasons for stress in your life. Then try changing your attitude about them. Learn what you can control and accept the things you cannot. Practice self talk (this to shall pass, Some day we will laugh about this, or Its a learning experience). Keep your perspective. Ask yourself, â€Å"Will I remember this in five years? † Try to find the positive side to a stressful situation. Do not worry about things that may never happen. Practice positive self-talk, for example,†I can do this,†or â€Å"I'm in control. â€Å"Negative self-talk such as, â€Å"I have to be perfect,† or â€Å"I can't do this,† produces more stress. Take action to manage stress. Changes and stress create energy. Are you using that energy to continue toward your goals? Or are you letting stress make you unhappy and unproductive? Take action to control your stress, both at work and at home. Manage your time better- make a â€Å"to do† list. Make it realistic so you can do the things listed and set priorities. Break task into bite size chunks. Delegate as much as possible. Keep in mind that tomorrow is another day and accept the fact that you may not get everything done today. Make sure you are communicating effectively- Go into stressful meetings as fully prepared as possible. Organize your thoughts, establish eye contact and listen for the whole message, including content feelings, and meanings. Remember that solving problems depends on give and take. Be prepared to negotiate and compromise. Break the tension cycle-At your desk, close your eyes, breathe deeply and relax. Laugh with co-workers, go out for lunch. At home, read a book, take a walk, chat with next door neighbors. Gets plenty of regular exercise and sleep-they will help you cope better. Get organized at home-Set daily and weekly routines for household chores. Delegate some chores to other family members. Cook meals in large quantities and freeze some for later. Plan for emergencies, keep first aid supplies and an extra set of car keys around. Stress can affect your self-esteem and your health, if you let it. Be kind to yourself. Relax, keep a positive attitude and get involved in activities you enjoy. Build on your strengths, take care of yourself Also team to reach out to others. Everyone needs a support system, a network of trustworthy people you care about and who care about you. Share your feelings so that they don't build up. Then focus on building positive energy. Stress is a normal, involuntary response to any demand made upon the body. Stress is very complex. Sources of stress may be made either more positive or more negative by a range of factors related to a given situation. Stress has become a widely used yet poorly understood term. As a result, a number of misconceptions about stress exist. Three of the most identified misconceptions are that: all stress is dab, stress is a part of life and there is nothing you can do about it, and stress is caused solely and completely by environmental factors. Stress is very much a personal condition, and individuals vary in their ability to cope with different forms and levels of stress. An example of this stress on a personal note would be co-worker conflict. When this stress occurs co-workers should discuss this matter privately. If possible, arrange your meeting on neutral grounds. Approach the person in a non-threatening manner. Respond to them with: â€Å"I would like to talk something over with you. † Try to make the other person feel less defensive or angry. Do not blame the other person. Listen closely to the other person. Understanding the other point of view may help you feet less stressful. Focus on ways to solve the problem. In this I mean do not revisit every past negative incident, this may distract from the resolution. Finally if none of the above work, seek help. If necessary talk with an employee assistance counselor who can help develop ground rules for such discussions and promote respectful communications. Stress is a complex process. It can arise in white collar as well as in blue-collar workers. Surveys have found little difference between white and blue-collar workers in terms of complaints, health, life satisfaction, depression, or other indicators of stress. Shift workers are thought to be more susceptible to stress-related illnesses. Because of personal involvement with the disruption in basic steep patterns and disruption in social life. Since every situation is unique, there are probably as many separate sources of stress as there are work situation. This may is important to recognize when seeking to evaluate working environments for sources of stress. Never the less sources of work related stress can be grouped into four general categories. Work load-which means stress resulting from to much work, to little work, work that is to hard or to easy. Work conditions-refers to a wide variety of factors including organization structure, such as job loss, change in work, and similar factors. Work patterns- pertains to shift work, repetitive work, and paced work Work roles-, which can be stressful because of role expectations with efficient use of resources and staff. Employers may also wish to introduce an EAP, which provides an effective strategy for assisting employees with personal and work related problems. Where organizations believe it would be necessary to make decisions about the quality of the proposed program. Such decisions should be made on the basis of a well-defined set of criteria. The following set of eight criteria for evaluating and selecting a stress intervention program is suggested.

African American History. Heritage Essay

Heritage makes up a large portion of our History. Combine that heritage with race and you have a foundation for establishing different beginnings of races that can trace their early origins back to the beginning of the United States. A giant melting pot as it has been described due to all of the immigration that occurred in the early nineteenth century. African Americans have established an enormous role in the beginnings and the history of the America. Their continuous fight for equality and rights as American people have spanned many years. The actions against African Americans immediately following the conclusion of the civil war were not fair. This initial unfair treatment sparked numerous debates that all can be followed back to their initial start of fair treatment after many years of mistreatment. The Black Codes were established to restrict and control the lives of ex-slaves. (Bowles 2011) That is not a way to be granted freedom if your life is still controlled. Freedom isn’t freedom if you are still treated unfairly amongst other races. The thirteenth amendment established to abolish slavery in the United States. This was a major step to equality among African Americans. The industrial boom in the north sparked the interest of many looking for work. The promise of a job and being able to provide for your family drew the attention of millions of African Americans. These jobs caused a mass movement of African Americans from the south to the north. This move was the Great Migration. The entry into World War Two brought some unique opportunities for African Americans. Key components to the war were the Tuskegee Airmen. Moving on in their fight for equal rights and treatments, Rosa Parks made a stand and refused to give up her seat on a bus. Seeing the need for more action by the government, Martin Luther king assembled a massive million man march into the Nation’s capital. The struggle for African Americans has been a long and at times dangerous struggle. Former slave owners and many others in the south did not wish to abandon their way of life and what they saw as fair and equal treatment for African Americans. With the determination, the will to make a difference, and legislative actions. African Americans have changed the laws and made remarkable steps towards the fair and equal treatment they were always entitled to as any American should be. Their nonstop pursuit of change has had an everlasting effect on history. The hopes and dreams of freedom for African Americans were destroyed immediately following the end of the civil war, because of black codes and the intimidation with terror and violence from veteran confederates that formed the terrorist group called the Ku Klux Klan. As newly freed slaves, blacks found out very soon that freedom was not how they dreamed. â€Å"In 1865, southerners created black code that controlled all aspects of black’s lives and stopped new found African Americans from the freedom that they had won from the civil war. † (The Black Codes of the South 1966) Almost every part of free slaves life was regulated by black codes even the freedom to migrate. Blacks could not enter certain towns without permission so hopes of finding family that were sold during slavery proved to be a challenge. There was also vagrancy laws that stated all freedman were vagrant if they did not have a job or they were homeless. Black codes made segregation in public facilities, carrying any kind of weapons, and to testify in court against white men illegal. If a black person disobeyed these codes and imprisonment would occur most of the time. This was a backwards step towards equality and freedom. Black codes did offer a few certain rights to blacks. They were given the right to marry, and the right to own some land. Although being a free black slave during this time period was a monumental step towards a unified country, blacks would face bigger challenges throughout the next century. The Thirteenth Amendment was one of the most influential amendments to have ever been passed in our country. The Thirteenth Amendment states, â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction† (US Constitution, Amendment 13, Section 1) The intent of the Thirteenth amendment was to abolish slavery and begin the long process of just and equal rights for all American citizens. The passing of this amendment put an end to slavery and caused disruption to the former slave owners in the South. The Southern States that seceded from the union were forced to free their slaves and pass the amendment to be allowed back into the union. The south was then forced to find a new means of supporting themselves and working their cash crops. With this amendment passed, the African Americans were finally free and the vast majority of slaves the worked on plantations were gone because they were free. Although racism and segregation still played a major role in their lives, they were no longer forced to work as slaves. Slavery was not only a form of forced labor. Many slaves also faced humiliation, punishment, and harsh lives. They were some slaves that were treated as they were lower than they animals they were forced to care for. The origins of slavery and the continuation of slaves well into after the civil war were tarnish on America. The thirteen amendment abolished slavery, it did not offer much regulation onto gender equality. This was certainly true for former black female slaves. They were not afforded the same equal rights and opportunities as free former black male slaves. â€Å"Female slaves suffered unique hardships, being exploited for both labor and reproduction. † (Tsesis, A.2012). With the initial passing of the thirteenth amendment, the future road was being paved for equality amongst black both male and female. This amendment would go on to be ratified until eventually equality was achieved for both genders. The great migration covers the movement of millions of African Americans from the south to the north due to industrial expansion. Though this is not the first great migration, being there was a large migration of African Americans shortly after the civil war, this migration had a much larger effect. Populations of African Americans drastically changed because of it. Population diversity was established. During the 20th century, African- Americans participated in one of the most significant demographic events in U. S. history, â€Å"The Great Migration. † The Great Migration was a massive movement of African Americans from the South to the North spanning from 1863 to 1960. The largest movement in the migration occurred from 1910 to 1920. (Bowles 2011) The Great Migration was caused by different reasons that pushed African Americans out of the South, and other chances of opportunity were pulling them to the North. The spring on 1916, Six million African-Americans moved to the North and the West part of the United States of America. After the Emancipation Proclamation was signed in 1863, less than 8 percent of the African- Americans population lived in the Northeastern or Midwestern part of the United States. The U. S. Senate had ordered an investigation into it. In 1900, about 90 percent of blacks still lived in Southern states. They also moved to Canada in order to maintain safe haven from anti-abolitionists. When it was time for the blacks to move the only transportation for them were trains, boats, buses, but sometimes cars were used for their transportation. The promise of good employment, food, money, and a place to take care of your family drew the attention of many African Americans. The Great Migration created the first large urban black communities in the North. Along with massive amounts of blacks relocating to these cities also come problems. Many blacks were crammed into housing. At times, the occupancy of the housing that they lived in exceeded the limits they were designed for. Imagine an apartment that can accommodate five people comfortably being push over the limits by having twelve people reside in it instead. These were perfect conditions for disease, unsanitary conditions, and in some extreme cases, death. These dwellings became to be known as ghettos. All good things must come to an end and many blacks realized that due to the mass amount of laborers that migrated to the North, many of the jobs were taken. The south offered the work of the past, but this time they would be paid for it and not forced to do the work. â€Å"After the Great Migration, blacks continued to move in search of opportunity as some returned to the South, while others moved to suburbs or better neighborhoods within the North. †(Stewart E. Tolnay 2003) An important military milestone is African American history were the Tuskegee Airmen. These brave airmen were the first step towards race equality within the aviation sector of the military. Although African Americans had regularly fought in wars, they were not allowed to participate in actual aerial combat. The airmen were an import key in closing the race inequalities within the military. The Tuskegee airmen have become to be known as the most influential air squadron during world war two. Racism was still a major ongoing issue well into world war two. Many whites did not like the idea of African Americans being allowed to fly airplanes and fight in aerial combat. The Tuskegee Airmen did more than just that. They became the first black Army Air Corps pilots. Their beginnings started when President Roosevelt had arranged a meeting with three African American leaders of the Army and Navy. They argued that equality needed to be stable throughout the military, administration needed to be fair in regards to the ongoing draft, and African Americans should be allowed to fly. (Percy 2003) Shortly after the meeting had concluded, the War Department issued a policy directive stating that black men would be admitted into the military in numbers equal to civilian black population. In December of 1940, the Army Air Corps had submitted a plan that would establish experiments with a fighter squadron that consisted of all black pilots. Initially, thirteen black men were selected as pilot trainees for the program. The training occurred at Tuskegee Alabama, hence the name given, The Tuskegee Airmen. Majority of the instructors assigned to train the men were white. There were high hopes the failure would occur and this would prove to the War Department that African Americans were not suitable for flying. â€Å"The man probably most responsible for the success of the Tuskegee Airmen, the man whom the cadets looked to most often, was Captain Benjamin O. Davis Jr. (Percy 2003) Captain Davis helped keep the fight alive in all of the cadets which allowed them to ignore the Jim Crow laws that were still in place and they were able to focus their attention on becoming pilots. After the success of the Tuskegee Airmen, they became a vital part of the war effort. The Tuskegee Airmen were assigned combat missions, participating in aerial combat, and helping to win the war. The Tuskegee Airmen program was a giant step towards equality within the military and an important historical milestone in our history. A famous name associated with the Civil Rights movements is Rosa Parks. She was the average everyday woman. She rode the bus to and from work every day like any other ordinary person. She had acquired a job as a seamstress at a local department store in Montgomery Alabama. On the night of December 1, 1955, Rosa took the bus home as normal. The public bus was split into two different sections. There was a white section and a black section. If the white section filled up, people in the black section were required to give up their seat for the whites and they would have to stand. This was an unjust law in Montgomery that many blacks disagreed with. This did not seem like the equality that they deserved. Couple this law with all of the segregated services in Alabama; one would think that the hatred for free African Americans ran high. â€Å"Rosa refused to give up her seat despite the threats given to her by the bus driver. † (Wiltenburg, M 2001) She was arrested and forced to pay a fine of $14, which she never did end up paying. Word of her arrest spread fast and immediately following the next day, flyers emerged all around Alabama black schools and businesses pleading that those who rode the bus should seek alternate means of travel. The bus company was owned by whites even though majority of the passengers were black. The actions were to show that the law was not fair to blacks and hopefully the bus company would see this through their loss of profit due to their unfair rule. The boycott lasted well over a year. Finally the United States Supreme Court ruled that it was unlawful and illegal to treat people differently on the bus because of their skin color. (Wiltenburg, M 2001) The actions taken by Rosa Parks to generate a Civil Rights Movement were brave for her to conduct during the racist times of Montgomery. Her actions set off the initial movement that would pave the way for many more to come and challenge the racist laws that restricted the lives of black people. The Million Man March was another major event of the Civil Rights Movement. What better way to peacefully protest the unfair treatment of African Americans than to assemble in the Nation’s Capital and fight for equality among all races. Some Civil Rights Leaders were opposed to the march. Mary Frances Berry, Chair of the U. S. Civil Rights Commission, thought the actions of the march were â€Å"bad due to the black community being in deep trouble already. † (Winter, 1995-1996) Despite her disapproval, the march went on. While the actual number of participants can’t be pin pointed to an exact number, it is estimated that it was between 1. 5 and 2 million participants. This large showing of force allowed for peaceful protest and representation for the black community. They sought to gain the attention of the Federal Government so they could overcome the harsh reality that racism was still an ongoing issue and blacks were still being treated unequally by whites. Majority of the attendees were black males. The march was also attended by origins of race that were not primarily black. They saw an opportunity to take part in the possible change of equality and rights as well. Many famous black speakers were in attendance at the march, from Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King, and many black religious leaders. Although the peaceful protest eventually ended, it still remains one of the most talked about and biggest contributions to the Civil Rights Movements. History has shown that African Americans have faced a lot of challenges. Through unfair treatment in the early beginnings of America, African Americans were used as slaves and the country saw this as a normal and legal way of life. The actions taken by President Lincoln helped shed light on the tarnished actions of the American people and he is credited with having helped free the slaves. The black codes were a way that hateful southerners could still control the lives of black people. The southerners were upset because their way of life and what they saw as normal was being changed. The passing of the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. This was a step in the right direction and it sparked the creation of many amendments to follow in suite. The great migration offered new hopes and promises of work in the North. Millions of African Americans began showing up in cities eager to get a piece of the American workforce. They were met with many housing, health, and physical challenges. Some blacks realized that the work in the North was not for them and they returned to the South to continue farming of their own free will and not under the control of slavery. World War Two brought light to African Americans with the chance of becoming pilots. The Tuskegee Airmen showed courage in the face of racism and overcame the discriminations brought onto them through the military. They became a vital part of the war effort and actively participated in aerial combat and bombing raids. Rosa Parks set the stepping stones for the Civil Rights movement. Her actions that night on the bus spread quickly and blacks refused to ride the buses in Montgomery Alabama. The efforts lasted well over a year and Congress finally determined that the law was unlawful. The million man march is one of the biggest actions in the Civil Rights movement. Blacks showed in large numbers to promote equality and diminish racism on the federal level. Many key speakers participated in this march, even though leaders of the Civil Rights Committee did not agree with the march. These actions taken by African Americans represent a small portion of the triumphs that they have overcome since slavery ended. There are many events and sacrifices that have been made by African Americans through the years. Their nonstop pursuit to end racism, have equality, and bring change to America will have an everlasting change on history. References Bowles, M. (2011). A history of the United States since 1865. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Jim Crow and Uncle Sam: The Tuskegee Flying Units and the U. S. Army Air Forces in Europe during World War II William Alexander Percy The Journal of Military History , Vol. 67, No. 3 (Jul. , 2003), pp. 773-810 Published by: Society for Military History Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/3397326 Tuskegee: A Retrospect and Prospect Booker T. Washington The North American Review , Vol. 182, No. 593 (Apr. , 1906), pp. 513-523 Published by: University of Northern Iowa Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor. org/stable/25105549 Wiltenburg, M. (2001, Feb 20). The story behind the rosa parks story. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/405670133? accountid=32521 The Black Codes of the South by Theodore B. Wilson Review by: Irwin Unger The Florida Historical Quarterly , Vol. 45, No. 2 (Oct. , 1966), pp. 183-185 Published by: Florida Historical Society Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/30147751 Tsesis, A. (2012). GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT. Columbia Law Review, 112(7), 1641-1695. Maloney, T. N. (2002). African American Migration to the North: New Evidence for the 1910s. Economic Inquiry, 40(1), 1-11. Annual Review of Sociology , Vol. 29, (2003), pp. 209-232 Published by: Annual Reviews Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/30036966 Marable, M. (1995). After the march. New Statesman & Society, 8(376), 14. How Black Academics Viewed the Million Man March The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education , No. 10 (Winter, 1995-1996), pp. 59-63 Published by: The JBHE Foundation, Inc Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/2962767.

Medicine Sources Question Essay

What can you learn from these two sources about Pare’s contribution to medicine? (5 marks) Ambroise Pare was a French war surgeon who worked in a number of public hospitals and helped many times on the battlefields, giving him ‘war wound’ knowledge. He lived between 1510 and 1590. Before Ambroise Pare, soldiers who received a gunshot wound during battle were prone to a lot of pain and suffering. Wounds were burnt with red hot iron called a cautery or would be filled with boiling oil. All doctors knew this was a very painful action but didn’t know any different ways to treat the wounds. This is shown by the picture in source two. Source one shows what actually happened when Pare discovered the improved method for treating gunshot wounds. It tells us that there were many issues to the success of the discovery. The issues include chance, war and printing. It also shows how he thought that the oil and the cautery did actually work. The written source shows that the war was a great help for the discovery. He was working on the battlefield so he could try his new discovery on the patients of the war. Without him running out of oil on the battle field Pare would not have had to make up the remedy of egg yolks, oil of roses and turpentine. The printing helped him spread his knowledge around and let other people know his new method. ‘Anaesthetics alone led to major progress in surgery in the nineteenth century.’ Do you agree? Explain you answer. (15 marks) Anaesthetics make surgery pain free and are available in two forms: general, which makes the patient unconscious; and local which numbs an area of the body. Before anaesthetics there were a number of problems. Surgery was limited to amputations as infection couldn’t be stopped and operations had to extremely quick. Due to the high risk of infection deep internal operations were out of the question and many people died due to the trauma of pain. Some people said the pain was as bad as being like a criminal preparing for an execution. The fear of surgery was immense which meant both patients and surgeons suffered with stress. Operations before anaesthetics had no hygiene measures and ordinary equipment, like outdoor saws, were used. The first form of anaesthetic was by Humphry Davis who made patients inhale nitrous oxide. Crawford Long found out that ether was another useful anaesthetic in 1842. After 1846, the public became more accepted to anaesthetics and on the 21st December Robert Liston successfully amputated a leg using ether in twenty-six seconds, the patient even asked whether they started the operation as it had been totally pain free. In 1847, James Simpson found that chloroform could be used during childbirth, as it didn’t cause inflammation. Having anaesthetics it meant that surgery could be more widely available. With anaesthetic anything from a sore tooth to a tumour could be removed. It would all be pain free, which meant there was less stress on surgeons to carry out quick operations, and the fear of operations was reduced. As operations could take longer they were more successful and death rates lowered considerably and more complex surgery could be carried out. Although there were many advantages to using anaesthetics there were still a number of disadvantages. Many doctors didn’t want to use anaesthetics because people had side affects due to the wrong amount being administrated and some people even suffered overdoses. Some surgeons were also seen as too inexperienced to use it as they had to be so careful about the dosage. Although the fear of surgery had reduced, many people were now scared because during the whole operation, their lives were in the hands of the doctors and so couldn’t stop the surgery until the surgeon wanted to. Although a wider range of surgery could be carried out, there was still no chance of complex heart surgery as the of infection was too high. One of the most important disadvantages of anaesthetics was that no antiseptics had been formed and because longer, deeper surgery was being carried out there was a greater risk of infection. It has been shown that anaesthetics alone did not lead to major progress in surgery. Without antiseptics which stop infection, anaesthetics are not useful as patients are likely to die of infection, and so, antiseptics are useless without anaesthetics as antiseptics don’t relieve pain. Antiseptics are really more important because although during surgery anaesthetics were a ‘dream come true’, antiseptics made sure that the wound was no longer infected. There were many years when there were no antiseptics but a lot of anaesthetics. This led to people not dying from shock from the operation but from the infection from the machinery.

Describe the effects of the Blitz on everyday life in Britain Essay

At 4:56pm on 7 September 1940, the air raid sirens wailed as the German Air Force, the Luftwaffe launched a massive raid on London.Over 350 bombers flew across the Channel from airfields in France and dropped 300 tonnes of bombs all over Britain. This caused a lot of problems for the people of Britain. The aim of the Blitz was to break the morale of the British people by destroying their homes, their source of transport and industry. In London the docks were attacked regularly and across Britain the Luftwaffe also tried to hit railway lines and junctions, power stations and ports. People’s daily routines were also ruined. Because of the lack of availability of food, the Government were forced to ration the small amounts of food that was left in the whole of the UK, which left very many people with virtually nothing. Bacon 6oz, cheese 4oz, dried milk 4 pints a week and dried eggs 12 every eight weeks. This is just a small fraction of what the government had to ration. In the morning queue would be everywhere and anyone would stand in one queue just to see what was selling. Hopefully it was food. The government took a number of steps to try and protect people. They ordered a total blackout at night to make sure that none of the bombers could see them. All windows would have to be covered by thick black curtains; street and vehicle lights were shielded of dimmer. It was known as an offence if light was shown, because even the smallest amount of light could tell the Germans were to bomb. Every night an inspector would come and make sure that each house was covered up properly and if it was not, a fine would be issued and the owners would fix the problem. Everyone was also given a gas mask in case the Germans were to drop a gas bomb anywhere. Throughout the whole time, 31% of the population got no sleep at all, 32% got less than 4 hours and a mere 22% got 4-6 hours sleep. This caused a lot of problems for people who were working. Workers were falling asleep at their stations and even more were fired because they kept on arriving late to work. However, the people who did make it to work, never gave up they were determined to carry on. Shopkeepers covered their smashed windows with plywood and put up notices saying ‘business and usual’, to show that nothing had stopped them from running their lives. Transport was still running, even though there was a lot less. Postmen and milkmen marched through the rubble to make their deliveries, Clergymen held regular services in bombed churches, bomb sites were used as pen-air concerts and dances and many theatres, music halls and cinemas stayed open throughout the whole war. Even though people were moving on with their lives, over 1.4 million people had lost their homes and many had their friends killed or badly injured by the Blitz. This drove many people to theft. They would break into bombed factories and steal whatever they thought would have a value for money. They would then sell these items on for as much as they could and use that money to buy food if they could find it. If anyone was caught, the punishment was death. Even though there were two million Anderson shelters produced in the early years of the First World War, many people had no shelters to stay in while the bombs were taking place. Many people moved in with family and friends where as others went to underground stations and stayed in the tunnels all night. They would stop the trains and the escalators from running so that people could sleep down there without any injuries. These tunnels gave the population the encouragement that they needed. Many people got a lot of sleep down there and even more were getting used to the bombs. However, the government were scared that people might not come back up again, because they were too scared, and tried to stop them, but each night up to 60,000 would demand to go down into the tunnels for protection. In the end the government gave up. So the Salvation Army and the Women’s Voluntary Service ran shuttle services of buns and drinks from station to station to keep them alive. Others would stay at home and hide in a Morrison’s shelter that was attached to the dining room table, or even hide under the stairs because they were designed to carry a heavy weight. Day after day, night after night, so many fire services fought to control the many fires that were going on. Not including the regular fire services, there were 60,000 volunteers in the Auxiliary fire service. Many were on duty for two days in a row and had very little chance to get some sleep. Fire fighters were under constant heat and falling buildings, not to mention the falling bombs the surrounded them. They ran out of water quick because the bombs would hit the main pipe lines. There were also not enough fire trucks so people would have to run to the fire and hope to God that there was a water supply nearby. As people were pulling together and relying on themselves more, community sprit had increased so much throughout the whole of the Blitz. People went straight into action as soon as they heard the bombs going off. People helped the ambulances and the fire department. The heavy rescue squad used ropes and chains to clear away the rubble and then doctors and nurses would then run in and pull people out. To sum up, many people’s lives had been ruined. Loss of family and friend, the loss of their homes, but people really did turn things around. The community really did join together to stick through the whole problem.

Threats and Opportunities of Colgate Company Coursework

Threats and Opportunities of Colgate Company - Coursework Example Colgate Company has managed to deal with the pressure of the external environment over time and this is attributed to the fact that the company has managed to stay alive in the market for the many years that it has. It was founded in 1880 and has continued to serve the world over the years. The company has had its fair share of Threats and Opportunities. It has handled its threats quite well to be able to survive to date. It has also seized all its opportunities quite effectively and hence survived in the market. One of the major opportunities that Colgate seized quite effectively is the huge market base that was unexploited. Any the time Colgate company was being coined in 1880, the world had seen very little of the oral health production industry. The world is such a wide base and in all corners of the world are individuals who have teeth that they need to take care of. Colgate Company took full advantage of this fact and set up its roots in all corners of the world. A vast unexplored market is a great opportunity for any business venture that needs to be exploited effectively. Colgate Company took full advantage of this great Opportunity that was naturally presented to it by the external environment. It employed great marketing strategies that hugely popularized its brand name Colgate. In fact, in several countries across the world, the brand name Colgate is used synonymously with the word toothpaste. One great threat that was presented by the external environment to Colgate Company is stiff competition from new coming products in the oral health industry. There are very many products that have been introduced in the industry in the resent days which have posed a great challenge to the survival of the firm. Some of these products are geared towards herbal medicine. Such products managed to convince several consumers in the market as it assured them of proper oral health care in a manner that is strictly natural and hence had no side effects absolutely. This painted the wrong impression that the products from Colgate Company were harmful to the health of the consumers as it used mainly synthetic chemical products. With the development of health concerns regarding Cancer and other lethal ailments in the world which are associated with chemical products, this posed a huge threat to the existence of Colgate Company. The company had to devise a mechanism quickly to deal with this threa t. To deal with the threat of the introduction of purportedly herbal and natural products in the oral health industry, Colgate Company came up with an ingenious idea. It made full use of its brand name popularity and introduced its own herbal products. It also introduced a whole range of contemporary and competitive products which cushioned off the external threats. The Company introduced such products as Colgate Triple action, Colgate Whitening among others. These were geared towards luring consumers to concentrate on certain effects in particular rather than the whole oral health in one package. Colgate whitening for instance was geared towards giving the consumers extra white teeth and whoever went for it would be guaranteed getting their teeth whiter than ever before. Tis gave the products of the firm a different dimension. They became less of just general oral products but more of products that are bought to fix certain specific oral concerns. With this strategy, the firm was a ble to beat hands down the threats that were posed by