Crime Prevention, Disorder and Community Safety (Criminolgy) Essay

Crime Prevention, Disorder and Community Safety (Criminolgy) - Essay Example In reality, the term "fear of crime" is an artifact of a broad interest in what is presumed to be the psychological effect of crime. As a result, there is no clear rationale behind its use.† Researches indicate that people especially women fear crime more than men but they do not report it quite often so it can be concluded that the actual statistics of women victimization is higher than reported. Stanko (1992) observed that according to the surveys, males are more capable of being victimized than women despite of the fact that women show more insecure behavior. It is perceived that the fear is irrational and unrealistic. However it should be noted that crimes happened with women are not reported all the time as women are more sensitive to their social image than man thus less willing to report that they are being victimized. Young (1988: 174) wrote that: "Domestic crisis and sexual crimes are less likely to enter the statistics than property crimes, which leads to the systemat ic underestimation of crimes against women". It should also be considered that researches and surveys only consist of crimes happened in front of witnesses or road-crimes. Women are often victimized within the walls of their own homes and do not report to any one. Warr (1984, 1985) investigates that as women are scared more of sexual assault than men so the general fear gets mix with the fear of sexual assault and heighten their insecurity. He also suggested that women's fear of victimization should be differently analyzed than men as men rarely fears sexual assault. Keane (1995) suggested that women’s fear of crime consists of two fears basically i.e. concrete fear and formless fear. Concrete fears are the fears of some specific crimes while formless fear is general fear or fear that can not be associated with some specific crimes. This theory of Keane has an underlying assumption that some crimes are more fear inducing than others. For women sexual assault is more fear indu cing than any type of theft or property damages. As per Keane, women reported both types of fears whether concrete or formless but younger females reported more of a concrete fear than elderly ladies. It can be deduced that elder age feels more formless fear than younger. Elders are more sensitive and insecure in perceiving crimes and have less tolerance for it. According to the researches of Warr (1985) and Ferraro (1996), women perceive rape as much serious crime as a murder. After an extensive research work by Ferraro (1996), he concluded that elder women and younger women both report the highest level of fear however the basis of fear can be different entirely. The elder women are more sensitive about the risk of financial damage, risk of being injured or loss of life while younger women are more scared of sexual assault. The fear of younger women is mostly comprises of rape or harassment and is more dominant in them than any other fear. The main difference in the reasons of fea r is the fear of sexual assault. If this fear will be excluded from the fear of crime in women, the difference between male and female fears of being victimized will be reduced. Warr (1985) also reported that women who are below the age of 35 fear more of sexual assault. As per him, as the girls become older, their fear increases and as they become women and start to age the fear diminishes. However as per Kennedy and Silverman (1984), as they become more

Geoffery Jack vs Wessex City Council Coursework

Geoffery Jack vs Wessex City Council - Coursework Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the legal issues, in this case, were as follows: first, the council argued that under Section 41(1) of the Highways Act 1980 it was only under a duty to maintain the highway and this duty did not extend to, as Mr. Jack alleged, keeping the road free of snow and frost at all times. Second, the issue was to construe the exact meaning of the word â€Å"maintenance† and whether it could contain the duty to keep the snow and ice off the road. Third, the issue was the scope of the duty that had to be attributed to the local authority to maintain the highway. Was it an absolute duty? Was it based on negligence on nuisance? Fourth, whether the council at that point in time when the accident occurred was under a duty to maintain (meaning according to the one decided upon earlier) and did it breach that duty. It is likely that Lord Hoffman stuck to the literal rule of interpretation. When construing the meaning of the w ord â€Å"maintenance† he laid down the possible meanings of this word, alluding to â€Å"repair† whether that included maintenance or not. But he also mentions in line 218 that regardless of what meaning is attributed to the word â€Å"maintain† the material issue in this question is that of whether the council had a duty to ensure that no ice has been present on the road that morning. The purposive rule is seen applied where Lord Hoffman tries to observe the intention of the parliament (or the draftsman) and looks at the entire historical context to hold that as far as maintenance was concerned, the council was already carrying that out. In rules of language, it could be said that Lord Hoffman made use of the ‘Ejusdem Generis’ as he quoted different meaning of maintenance in line 44. In determining whether a duty existed or not, the court clearly applies literal rule in holding that the council did not owe a duty to make sure that there was no sno w – and it held that a duty to maintain only includes maintaining the fabric of the road and not to make sure no snow was ever present on the surface. Lastly, from line 156 to line 190 the court seems to be operating on the presumption that the common law has not changed and no legislation (1959 or 1980) purposed to change the common law, instead of subsequent acts only codified it. There is evidence that Lord Hoffman referred to the long title of the Highway Act 1980 and that constitutes an intrinsic aid in statutory interpretation. Other intrinsic aids that he alluded to were the definitional section contained in the act itself.

Summary Viral Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary Viral Marketing - Essay Example The viral marketer's dilemma is to identify, categorize and target people for initial reception and replication of the vendor's message. The primary message itself should be highly contagious in order for it to be adopted and replicated easily and regularly. Viral marketing campaigns can be 'low integration', frictionless model where the original consumer is essentially passive in the transaction. The famous example is Hotmail's early 1990s campaign which gave away free e-mail addresses, incorporating a vendor advertisement. Each consumer provided Hotmail with a free distribution network and qualified leads of persons who were already had an email account, and might be interested in switching to free account for their personal correspondence. Campaigns of this type rapidly build customer acquisition and enhance customer retention because the consumer is locked-in to the service as switching will be disruptive. The alternative is a 'high integration', active marketing campaign where the consumer opts-in to a service or product - newsletters and RSS feeds are obvious examples -- or where the consumer seeks a reward for promoting the vendors goods/services. Affiliate programs are obvious examples of the latter. The open source software community has made considerable use of viral marketing strategies. Such communities tend to be made up of 'tech-fluential' specialists who lock-in to the product and derive personal benefits through original contributions to its development. They are self-perpetuating 'hives' with opinion leaders (e-fluentials) who collect, analyze, interpret and disseminate the latest news to others both within and outside the hive who respect the hive's expertise in the field. There are conflicting studies as to the number of persons e-fluentials can actually reach, but it is estimated that in the USA 92% of surfers regularly turn to 8% of e-fluentials for information and that e-fluentials can routinely reach 11 people with positive messages and 19 people with negative messages as information is pulled from consumers (as opposed to pushed by a vendor) from this communication channel. In this context, viral marketing can assist open source software developers (OSSD) to build critical mass to overcome the chasm between establishing the product with tech-fluential early adopters, and gaining market share in the more risk-averse mainstream market. The developer's aim will be to establish the product as the industry standard as once the product reaches this stage of its life-cycle it will be clear that the product is stable, reliable and well-supported. Since the source software is license-fee free to consumers the developer seeks to monetize his/her time investment through add-on services such as consultancy and the sale of complementary goods/services, such as hardware and hosting. As with any marketing campaign an OSSD needs to ensure that the product advertised is suited to the medium to be used. Viral marketing campaigns are particularly effective when the message is contagious in and of it-self, the replicators and recipients perceive a value in forwarding the message to their circle of influence and the product is easily reproducible and easily and exclusively distributed over the

Learning Team Reflection Essay Example for Free

Learning Team Reflection Essay I guess for me I am struggling with how to forecast and predict what is important enough to know what criteria is relevant information to use for the success of my organization. Since I only work in one area of the whole organization how do you predict when you are not privy to important information to know what direction to go in. I am hoping to learn how to think way outside the box and be able to see the bigger picture. One question I do have though will the company be as successful if I only concentrate on the success of the area I work in? I get how strategic management can be beneficial to an organization, and I get how ethics should play a role as well. I see the way people have done wrong actions in a company is almost like having cancer in your organization. It can slowly take over or be swift and destroy a organization. I see both issues in my work place. People riding the cuff of what is wrong behavior and out right breaking the rules. All of that behavior disrupts the goal of the organization to run effectively and efficiently. Looking forward to further discussions. After completing the assignments and reading the objectives I think I am comfortable talking about environmental scan both internal and external and how it is different from a SWOT analysis. Environmental scanning is made up of observation, reviewing, and ultimately circulating the data gathered from external and internal envi ronments based on the decisions made by the staff of the organization. This process is applied by the organization in the case of a worst case scenario; it allows an organization to carefully take care of conflicts compared to struggling to salvage a situation which is causing financial setbacks for the organization. In regards to discussing the external factors of an organization and why they should be reviewed as part of the internal environmental scan, below are some reasons why this should happen. 1. Economic forces: Regulates the transferring of materials, money, energy, and information (Wheelen Hunger, 2010, p. 99). 2. Technological forces: Is what generates problem-solving inventions (Wheelen Hunger, 2010, p. 99).  3. Political–legal forces: Is what allocates power and provides constraining and protecting laws and regulations (Wheelen Hunger, 2010, p. 99). 4. Sociocultural forces: Is what regulates the values, mores, and customs of society (Wheelen Hunger, 2010, p. 99). In regards to discussing some of the internal considerations of an organization and why the organization should evaluate them as part of the internal environmental scan, the following are some reason: 1. Value: Is when it provides customers value and competitive advantage (Wheelen Hunger, 2010, p. 138). 2. Rareness: Is when other competitors possess it (Wheelen Hunger, 2010, p. 138). 3. Imitability: Is when it becomes costly for others to imitate (Wheelen Hunger, 2010, p. 138). 4. Organization: Is when the organization utilizing the resource to its advantage (Wheelen Hunger, 2010, p. 138). There is a difference from Environmental scan and a traditional SWOT due to the environmental scan gathering data while the SWOT is more involved with gathering information and research to establish an ultimate plan. In last week’s class I got a better understanding of the 4 phases of strategic management which are basic financial planning, forecast-based planning, externally oriented strategic planning and strategic management. By emphasizing what strategic management actually means to an organization I was able to get a more in depth concept of the benefits such as how performance can be improved by providing organizational learning tactics understanding the strategic vision of the organization. I can actually relate to this because I have recently completed my green belt lean six sigma which allows me to be part of working groups that have been task to identify gaps and improve business processes and practices in various area in the logistics directorate in which I work. By being part of a working group at work and also being in this strategic management class I truly believe that this will increase my development in the area of strategic thinking to be an impact player in my organizati on. I look forward to these next few weeks. Reference Wheelen, T.L., Hunger, J.D. (2010). Concepts in Strategic Management and Business Policy (12th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Development of the Online Broker Industry

Development of the Online Broker Industry Introduction The purpose of this report is to gain an understanding of the enterprise development by studying the Openshaw case and the development of the online broker industry since then and likely developments in the future. Openshaw Plant Machinery is an online equipment broker that was established in 1998. The founders Neville and Sue Openshaw recognised the lacking of a central and convenient place for business to trade new or second-hand equipment and machinery in the industry. Openshaw staffs have extensive experience from working in many areas of various industries and can deliver excellent service to its customers. A wide range of contracts is strength of Openshaw (Openshaw Plant Machinery 2011). Discussion In this section, I will firstly give a brief background about the online broker/trade industry. Macro-environment and industry environment analysis will be discussed including analysis of recent developments and likely future developments in the industry. The industry Openshaw belongs provides a platform for buying, selling, and sourcing new and used equipment and machinery. It has extensive links with machinery manufactory industry as well as brokerage industry. In the report, I will focus on the online brokerage industry. The online brokerage sector is relatively new. However, the traditional retail brokerage industry has been around for a long time. Online equipment brokerage might be a bit under the radar since most of the brokerage companies or individual brokers work on financial services, such as stock exchange, mutual fund, insurance, and real estate. It was made possible after the development of internet and World Wide Web.ÂÂ   Since then, as the information technology develops, the industry has grown rapidly and represents one of the most successful applications of e-commerce (Bakeos et al 2005). Nowadays, due to the volatile nature of most industries, companies have to adapt new technologies to maintain competitive and keep up with the society. Information technology, especially Internet, offers extraordinary level of convenience and flexibility and subsequently has changed the way the business usually run. People now have the technology to communicate from basically wherever and whenever they like (Lonney, Jessup Valacich 2004). In online brokerage sector, although the quality of online brokerage service might be lower than traditional approach, it offers lower associated cost and more flexibility and grows rapidly worldwide (Bakeos et al 2005). In the future, there are a number of areas that are worth to watch out for. More customers generated content this is will be very helpful for increase the awareness and transactions, because customers trust other customers rather than what the website claim. Therefore, providing the opportunity and encouraging customers to write a review or blog about their trading experience on the website could turn out to be a plus for an online brokerage business. Improvement on products and services- No doubt, the growth and profitability of e-commerce will encourage more business enter the industry. Existing online brokerage companies have to continually improve their products and tools, enhance the flexibility and convenience, and develop better customer support. Video and visual information As we known, human being obtain information quicker with images than just plain text (Audette 2010). Although text is very informative and requires less effort to produce, videos and images are more eyes catching. Also, people, in many occasions, prefer information in a more visualised format. Thus, web-based business can benefit significantly from visual information. Visual browsing and searching are likely to get more attention in the near future. Nowadays, internet speed and technology enable people to view picture and video easily. People can compare products with on-website videos to help them make the right decision. Engaging social media -The success stories about Facebook and twitter shows how important is the social media. Twitter had increased about 40 million accounts in three months and there are about 110 million Tweets a day across the world (Chiang 2011).ÂÂ   Companies have started to employ social media for product marketing, customer communication, and idea generation (Menchaca 2010). Similarly, online broker should do the same thing to engage with customers. Service offered through multiple e-channels-Online equipment broker like Openshaw can offer customer the opportunity to be really innovative and participate in the process of developing equipment that meets the special needs of customers. Online brokers can set up video and/or skype conference between customers and manufacturers who are 20,000 km away and discuss the whole design, costing, and building process. Also, the once the equipment is installed, customers will have 24/7 online support to ensure the machinery working safe and sound. Macro-environment analysis The environment for an organisation includes those factors outside the organisation that influence its strategy. For example, businesses have not much option regarding the company tax policy in many countries. Macro-environment is one of two sections of the external environment. It has impact on almost all the industries and overall economic growth. The analysis of the macro-environment could potentially provide information about what have affected the industry in the past as well as what is going to affect the industry in the future. Mangers and scholar have categorised these macro-environment factors in to groups including economic, political, legal, social/cultural, demographic, sustainability, international, environmental, and technology factors. Government use political and legal system to regulate business environment. The New Zealand government, like other developed countries, mainly allows the market regulate itself. New Zealand political and legal systems are very stable and are very unlikely to pose any political risk to the companies that operate in New Zealand. On the other hand, policy variation between parties and political decision affected by major events could have impacts on business operation. For example, governments support on rebuilding Christchurch CBD may have a positive result for online equipment brokerage sector.ÂÂ   However, the emission trading scheme would have little impact on the industry. Changes in society and culture change consumers demand and consequently affect companys strategy and industrys profitability. If a company can predict and prepare for these changes, the company is likely to succeed. The Do-It-Yourself (DIY) spirit is a piece of culture of New Zealand. Online equipment broker industry could use this factor and extend its products range in order to include more equipment that is suitable for DIY purpose. Certainly, the economy is one of the environmental factors that would have most impact on industries and businesses. Economic factors include taxation, interest rate, inflation, exchange rate, and GDP. These factors affect not only behaviour of customers, but also the behaviour of companies. For example, the strong NZ dollar makes the export goods less attractive yet makes import goods more affordable to domestic consumers. The global financial crisis has affected New Zealand economy although New Zealand and Australia are thought to escape relatively well and have 2 to 3 percent growth in the near future (Sun 2010). In the online equipment brokerage sector, the low interest rate could have a positive effect as the lower rate makes the asset investment more attractive. Additionally, the tax reduction for both individual and business may increase the revenue of the industry in the future. People like new technology and most of us cannot survive without it. Internet, mobile phone, video games, and HD TVs are parts of our everyday life. For many products and services, technology can decrease expenses, increase quality and productivity, and lead to innovation. Advances in technology will ultimately generate benefit for both consumers and the company offering the products and services. In some industry, technological factors are vital for establishing competitive advantages and maintain market position. The industry where Openshaw belongs to particularly requires technology inputs, especially associated with Internet and Web applications. At the end, technology makes the online brokerage system work and it should be able to make the industry better. Industry environment The other part of the environment analysis is the industry environment. The industry environment normally affects companies profitability and market position in a particular industry. Industry environment consists with factors like buyers power, suppliers power, competitors, substitutes, and new entrants. Professor Michael Porter suggested that the profitability of a company in an industry count on five competitive forces (Porter 2008).ÂÂ   These five ‘forces are threat of new entrants, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, threat of substitute products or services, and rivalry among existing competitors (Figure 1, Porter 2008). Porters fiver forces model is commonly used for business analysis and research. However, it does not take into account for innovation and change and it is only applicable to industry level in many situations. Existing companies may have the pressure from new entrants on price and costs and may have to invest more to compete. The threat of new entry is likely to be low if the entry barriers are high. Such barriers include customer switching costs, capital investment, economies of scale, access to distribution channels, and government restriction (Porter 2008). For the online equipment broker sector, the threat of new comer is reasonably high. The capital requirement for online brokerage business is little and the customers can easily switching among providers. In addition, there is no obvious government intervention. Powerful suppliers can affect an industry by charging higher prices and limiting quality and quantity of the products. Suppliers will have more power if there are not many them, switching among suppliers are too costly, suppliers do not depend on the industry, there is no substitute for what suppliers provide, and the supplier enter the industry (Porter 2008). Although the suppliers, in this case, the equipment manufacturers, do not depend on online brokers and there is no substitute products, one of the features of Openshaw is it has extensive contacts and can source equipment from many suppliers and countries. Thus, the power of suppliers for online equipment brokers is moderate. Powerful buyers, on the other hand, can drive the price down and demand better quality and more variety products and services. The buyers have more bargaining power if there are few buyers in the market, the products are undifferentiated, the cost of switching providers is little, and the buyers enter the industry and produce the product (Porter 2008). Based on these measurements, because buyers do not always have extensive contacts with equipment manufacturers and Openshaws service is differentiated, the buyers power for online equipment broker is low. However, the number of buyers for the industry is relatively small. The threat of a substitute is high if the substitute has a better price-performance ratio compared to the industry offering and the cost of switching to the substitute is low (Porter 2008). In this case, direct communication between buyers and manufacturers can be the substitute of Openshaws broker service. However, customers will have to spend a lot of time and effort on dealing with manufacturers. Although the cost of switching to substitute is low, the threat of a substitute for online brokerage industry is low. The level of competition of an industry is determined by a number of reasons including numbers of similar size competitors, industry growth rate, exit barriers, and competitors business commitment. To my knowledge, there are not many online equipment brokers within New Zealand and the level of competition is relatively low. In addition, the costs of leaving the industry are low because the initial capital investment is low and there are not much assets for this type of ecommerce. Overall, if the industry has high entry barriers, many small and equal suppliers and buyers, few substitutes, and not much hostile competitors, the organisations in the industry are likely to make good profit from the market. Although the threat of new entrants is high and the buyers are moderate powerful for online equipment broker industry, the power of suppliers, threat of a substitute and rivalry among competitors are fairly low. The online equipment broker sector should, therefore, has a sound industry environment and potential good profitability. Conclusion In the case of Openshaw, the first mover strategy was the key for its establishment and success. Starting up Openshaw was an entrepreneurial action because there was no such online equipment broker at that time, which is only 13 years ago. Its success should be attributed by the combination of entrepreneurial actions and strategic management. Entrepreneurial actions and strategic management are important for business growth independently, yet they generate synergy that increases the value of their individual outcomes (Ireland, Camp, Hitt and Sexton 2001). Entrepreneurship is mainly about innovation and growth while strategic management focuses on competitive advantage. However, they have a common goal, to generate profit. Innovation can create competitive advantage and competitive advantage subsequently increases growth. The strategy that Openshaw used was the first mover strategy. Evidence suggested the first movers in a particular industry usually have long lasting benefits over th e later comer (Suarez and Lanzolla 2008). However, Suarez and Lanzolla (2008) also pointed out that this strategy likely success if the pace of both market and technology evolution is smooth. This is actually the case of Openshaw. When the company was established, the Internet technology has been well developed and the consumers have accepted the technology and have started to enjoy the benefit of it. In the future, the company should keep the focus on integration of entrepreneurship and strategic management. The network approaches to internationalisation might be a good strategy for Openshaw. The study carried out by Loane and Bell (2006) indicates that small entrepreneurial companies will obtain knowledge and resource, such as networks, to internationalise rapidly suggesting social and business networks are valuable resource for small firms. Although, ecommerce business has incredible growth potential, it creates unique challenges for both existing companies and new comers (Saini and Johnson 2005). The overall environment condition for online equipment broker is reasonable. The domestic and international economic growth is one of the major impact factors for the industry in the near future. Openshaw and other existing companies should keep eyes on new entrants as well as continue on their entrepreneurial and strategic development and actions.

Addies Revenge Essay -- William Faulkner As I Lay Dying Essays

Addie's Revenge In William Faulkner's novel "As I lay Dying" the reader learns about each character through the eyes of that person so to speak. Most of the important characters minds are revealed through the unique personalities and idiosyncrasies of the Bundren family, and those they encountered. One of the characters is Addie Bundren, the matriarch of the clan, and the person who's death this story moves upon. Although Addie is dead for most of the book, Faulkner still shows Addie's feelings and attitude in a chapter in which she seemingly speaks from the dead. From this scene we learn about Addie's personality. As a whole Addie is a pessimistic and unfulfilled woman, who marries the ignorant Anse Bundren on a whim. Addie also admits for caring for only two of her children, the rest she labels "Anse's children", who are born out of an obligation. This obligation to Anse spawned from the fact that she had a son borne out of an affair with the priest Whitfield to bear her second child Jewel . As stated before Addie is a bitter woman and believes Anse is to blame for many of her shortcomings. These shortcomings started namely with her unwanted birth to her second child Darl. Because of Addie's bitter anger toward Anse, she curses Anse with her revenge, after death. Her revenge involved telling Anse to take her body back to her hometown of Jefferson, which is a very long trip to make with a rotting dead body. Addie realizes that this will be an undignified, dangerous, and tedious consuming trip. Since Addie will be dead and gone her instinctive safeguard in this plan is "her" son Jewel who she prophesied would save her from the "fire and the water" and make sure she got to Jefferson. With Addie's plan in motion and her safeguard in place, I believe Addie still could not punish the infantile but slick Anse Bundren despite Jewel's instinctive effort, because of Anse's hidden intelligence and improvisational skills. Anse Bundren seemingly the most country bumpkin you could ever meet has at least one thing going for him. That is that he innocently knows how to play with people's perceptions of him. When we see Anse for the first time it is explained to us that he does not work because he got sick once. This portrayal of Anse is of a sickly man who culls people's sympathy. In another varying instance, on his way to Jefferson, Anse portr... ... Once again everyone knows how old Anse is, how he can't sweat, and how he is therefore incapable of being heroic and possibly getting hurt. And the way I believe Anse got total victory over the late Mrs. Bundren is because he was able to stay safe because of his excuses, while the son's she loved in Jewel and Cash received the most pain in trying to uphold her plot. So even though Addie professes she doesn't care, I get the feeling that if she hadn't died before, the thought of her sons being injured and Anse escaping with new teeth, a new wife, and a new gramophone certainly would have killed her. In conclusion in spite of the fact that Anse is SLOW, LAZY, DISHONERABLE, HYPOCRITICAL and much more, he is not stupid, this is probably the common misconception. He is all of the above except stupid. Anse has proved that he is a bastard unto the world but not dumb. This is why I believe that Addie Bundren was not able to achieve her revenge against Anse despite Jewel's best efforts. Because of Anse's ability to manipulate people into believing he was something he was not, he was able to not only avoid Addie's revenge but was also able to accomplish his goals in the process.

Sociology Interactive Quiz #1

Sociology Quiz #1: The Sociological Imagination 1. Which of the following is the BEST example of something that sociologists might study? – How wireless technology has enabled people in developing countries to communicate beyond their local communities. 2. Anything that humans create or take notice of, that exerts influence or pressure on their behavior is termed a social force . Which of these is the BEST application of the concept, â€Å"sociological imagination†? – understanding the technology of cellular phones The sociologist who first identified â€Å"social facts† as the subject of sociology was Emile Durkheim .Things like norms for using cell phones, the cost of education, types of jobs that are the most available, and the fact that English is the dominant language spoken in the U. S. may seem very different from each other. But one thing they have in common is that Durkheim would consider all of them social facts. Peter Berger describes the  "miracle of love† as being â€Å"somewhat synthetic. † What does he mean by this? – The process of finding a romantic partner is largely directed by social forces, as opposed to being purely individualistic. Which sociologist was the first to make the distinction between troubles and issues?C. Wright Mills A trouble is caused by a person's personal difficulties or shortcomings. Mills called the ability to see the connection between personal circumstances and the social and historical context, or outside forces, the sociological imagination. Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between the individual and society? Individual troubles occur within and shaped by a particular historical and social context. The transition from muscle-driven, labor-intensive systems of production to mechanization and the use of power sources such as coal and water is called the Industrial Revolution.  Read also  Sociology and Social Integration.The period of rapid industrialization and colonial expansion that followed the Industrial Revolution is called the Age of Imperialism. The term â€Å"sociology† was first invented by Auguste Comte, who defined the new discipline as a positivist science that studies the results of the human intellect. According to Comte's â€Å"Law of Three Stages,† society develops in three stages. The last, and superior stage, according to Comte, was based on using direct observation and the scientific method to understand the world. 15. Karl Marx was most interested in the effects of capitalism upon society.According to Marx, the primary cause of change in society is conflict. According to Emile Durkheim, the sociologist's task is to analyze and explain solidarity within society. Durkheim explained rates of suicide in terms of social ties instead of an individual's emotional state. An anomic state is one in which individual ties to the group are disrupted by a dramatic change in circumstances. Weber def ined social action that is pursued because it was pursued in the past as traditional. According the Max Weber, the sociologist's task is to analyze and explain – the reasons for, and the consequences of, social actions.A woman finds a wallet that contains a driver's license, in addition to hundreds of dollars. Despite the fact that she is experiencing serious financial difficulties, the woman returns the wallet and all of the money. Weber would define returning the wallet as value-rational action. According to W. E. B. DuBois, the â€Å"strange meaning of being black† in America includes double consciousness , which he defined as the â€Å"sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of the others and measuring one's self by the tape of the world. â€Å"In order to better understand how mobile phone technology impacts the culture of a Native American group, a group of sociology students arranges to live several months on a reservation, and participate in th e community life of the Native American group. Which classical sociologists would be most likely to have suggested this strategy for conducting research? Jane Addams 25. The continuing extension of social relationships across borders, so that goods, services, money, people, technology and information all flow throughout the world, is referred to as globalization.